The effect of widowhood on health: A prospective analysis from the Massachusetts women's health study

Previous research has consistently demonstrated adverse physical and psychological effects following the death of a spouse. Conclusions regarding the effects of widowhood have been hampered, however, by such methodological limitations as lack of adequate comparison groups, non-random samples of the widowed, and lack of data on pre-widowhood status. This paper examined the physical and psychological effects of widowhood in a randomly sampled cohort of women, aged 45-55 years at baseline, who were followed prospectively for five years. Analyses employed a design in which women whose spouses died during the course of the study (N = 76) were compared to age-matched married controls (N = 1625). The following two questions were addressed: (1) What are the physical and psychological effects of widowhood? and (2) What is the effect of widowhood on socioeconomic factors, social support and health behavior? Following the death of a spouse, the percentage of widows reporting psychological symptoms increased. The widows did not report higher rates of physical symptoms or a decrease in health. Widows had higher rates of health care utilization, in particular, taking prescribed medication, which were in part for mental health reasons. There was no evidence of changes in health behaviors among the widows, but social support increased following widowhood and more widows reported a decrease in income. The results highlight the importance of controlling for pre-widowhood status when studying the consequences of widowhood and provide additional evidence that widowhood may not adversely affect physical health for women.