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Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries

Author

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  • Ordoñez, J.
  • Gago, E.J.
  • Girard, A.

Abstract

LiBs pose a very specific threat, given that they contain a high percentage of dangerous heavy metals. From the 4000t of used lithium-ion batteries collected in 2005, 1100t of heavy metals and more than 200t of toxic electrolytes were generated. This is why a lot of attention has been paid to the development of the technology necessary to recover and recycle LiBs in order not only to protect the environment but also to conserve resources. The recovery of major spent cell components is beneficial both in terms of environmental protection and also for the provision of raw materials. The authors of this article carried out a state of the art on the technologies used in the recycling and regeneration of industrial lithium-ion batteries. The main objective of such technologies is to enable the recycling of valuable elements present in the batteries, such as cobalt, nickel and copper, in a way which is both profitable and environmentally friendly. All the technologies used in the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries are constantly changing makes subsequent changes to the research into recycling and recovery technologies necessary. This does not mean merely finding ways to recover the precious metals, but also to recover other materials which may harm the environment, in order to dispose of them appropriately. The discussion of this research clearly reflects that:

Suggested Citation

  • Ordoñez, J. & Gago, E.J. & Girard, A., 2016. "Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 195-205.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:60:y:2016:i:c:p:195-205
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.363
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    Cited by:

    1. Golmohammadzadeh, Rabeeh & Faraji, Fariborz & Jong, Brian & Pozo-Gonzalo, Cristina & Banerjee, Parama Chakraborty, 2022. "Current challenges and future opportunities toward recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    2. Miaomei Guo & Weilun Huang, 2023. "Consumer Willingness to Recycle The Wasted Batteries of Electric Vehicles in the Era of Circular Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-20, February.
    3. Yu, Haijun & Dai, Hongliang & Tian, Guangdong & Wu, Benben & Xie, Yinghao & Zhu, Ying & Zhang, Tongzhu & Fathollahi-Fard, Amir Mohammad & He, Qi & Tang, Hong, 2021. "Key technology and application analysis of quick coding for recovery of retired energy vehicle battery," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    4. Bernhard Faessler, 2021. "Stationary, Second Use Battery Energy Storage Systems and Their Applications: A Research Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-19, April.
    5. Zongwei Liu & Xinglong Liu & Han Hao & Fuquan Zhao & Amer Ahmad Amer & Hassan Babiker, 2020. "Research on the Critical Issues for Power Battery Reusing of New Energy Vehicles in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-19, April.
    6. Yixuan Wang & Yajuan Yu & Kai Huang & Baojun Tang, 2019. "From the Perspective of Battery Production: Energy–Environment–Economy (3E) Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-12, December.
    7. Helton Rogger Regatieri & Oswaldo Hideo Ando Junior & José Ricardo Cezar Salgado, 2022. "Systematic Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Literature Using ProKnow-C and Methodi Ordinatio," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-23, February.
    8. Lingyun Zhu & Ming Chen, 2020. "Development of a Two-Stage Pyrolysis Process for the End-Of-Life Nickel Cobalt Manganese Lithium Battery Recycling from Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-14, November.
    9. Posada, Jorge Omar Gil & Rennie, Anthony J.R. & Villar, Sofia Perez & Martins, Vitor L. & Marinaccio, Jordan & Barnes, Alistair & Glover, Carol F. & Worsley, David A. & Hall, Peter J., 2017. "Aqueous batteries as grid scale energy storage solutions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 1174-1182.
    10. Pan, Suyang & Ma, Jiliang & Chen, Xiaoping & Liu, Daoyin & Liang, Cai, 2023. "NH3/O2 premixed combustion in a single bubble of fluidized bed," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    11. Wang, Mengmeng & Liu, Kang & Dutta, Shanta & Alessi, Daniel S. & Rinklebe, Jörg & Ok, Yong Sik & Tsang, Daniel C.W., 2022. "Recycling of lithium iron phosphate batteries: Status, technologies, challenges, and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    12. Joris De Hoog & Joris Jaguemont & Mohamed Abdel-Monem & Peter Van Den Bossche & Joeri Van Mierlo & Noshin Omar, 2018. "Combining an Electrothermal and Impedance Aging Model to Investigate Thermal Degradation Caused by Fast Charging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-15, March.
    13. Lee, Meng Hong & Chang, Dong-Shang, 2016. "Allocative efficiency of high-power Li-ion batteries from automotive mode (AM) to storage mode (SM)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 60-67.
    14. Maria A. Franco & Stefan N. Groesser, 2021. "A Systematic Literature Review of the Solar Photovoltaic Value Chain for a Circular Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-35, August.
    15. Tang, Yanyan & Zhang, Qi & Li, Yaoming & Li, Hailong & Pan, Xunzhang & Mclellan, Benjamin, 2019. "The social-economic-environmental impacts of recycling retired EV batteries under reward-penalty mechanism," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    16. Tendai Tawonezvi & Myalelo Nomnqa & Leslie Petrik & Bernard Jan Bladergroen, 2023. "Recovery and Recycling of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-33, January.
    17. Ahmadian, Ali & Sedghi, Mahdi & Elkamel, Ali & Fowler, Michael & Aliakbar Golkar, Masoud, 2018. "Plug-in electric vehicle batteries degradation modeling for smart grid studies: Review, assessment and conceptual framework," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2609-2624.
    18. Xiaowei Duan & Wenkun Zhu & Zhongkui Ruan & Min Xie & Juan Chen & Xiaohan Ren, 2022. "Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-23, February.
    19. Jarnut, Marcin & Wermiński, Szymon & Waśkowicz, Bartosz, 2017. "Comparative analysis of selected energy storage technologies for prosumer-owned microgrids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 925-937.
    20. Hao, Han & Qiao, Qinyu & Liu, Zongwei & Zhao, Fuquan, 2017. "Impact of recycling on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from electric vehicle production: The China 2025 case," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 114-125.
    21. Guteša Božo, M. & Vigueras-Zuniga, MO. & Buffi, M. & Seljak, T. & Valera-Medina, A., 2019. "Fuel rich ammonia-hydrogen injection for humidified gas turbines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    22. Lin, Shunda & Liu, Renlong & Guo, Shenghui, 2022. "High temperature microwave dielectric and thermochemical properties of waste LixMn2O4 battery cathode materials reduced by moso bamboo," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 714-724.

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