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Enhanced conversion of glucose to HMF by effectively modulating Sr2+ and oxygen vacancy content in TiO2 with Ca as sacrificial agent

Author

Listed:
  • Liu, Yongchen
  • Hou, Pan
  • Ma, Mingwei
  • Xue, Wei
  • Liu, Wenzheng
  • Chen, Enpeng
  • Shi, Maqian
  • Wang, Zixing
  • Yue, Huijuan
  • Tian, Ge
  • Feng, Shouhua

Abstract

The efficient conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is hindered by the challenge of precisely regulating acidic sites in metal oxide catalysts. To address this, we developed a novel sacrificial agent strategy based on calcium ions that synergistically modulates strontium ion doping and oxygen vacancy formation within titanium dioxide-based catalysts. By leveraging the Ca2+-promoted Sr2+ chelation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in perovskite precursors (CaTiO3/SrTiO3), we achieved precise control over Sr2+ content (SrxTiE series, x = 2–8) and oxygen vacancy density. An appropriate amount of Sr2+ doping promoted the formation of Brønsted acid (B-acid) sites by disrupting the Ti-O-Ti oxygen bridge. Optimal Sr2+ doping (Sr2TiE) maximized Brønsted/Lewis acid synergy (L/B ratio = 0.31), increasing total acid sites by 160 % (78.08 μmol/g vs. 30 μmol/g) compared to undoped TiO2 and generating the highest oxygen vacancy concentration (14.09 %). Under optimized conditions (160 °C for 3 h in a VTHF:VH2O ratio of 3:1), Sr2TiE delivered superior performance with 94.1 % glucose conversion and 46.2 % HMF yield. This work provides a generalizable approach for designing oxide catalysts via targeted vacancy and acidity engineering.

Suggested Citation

  • Liu, Yongchen & Hou, Pan & Ma, Mingwei & Xue, Wei & Liu, Wenzheng & Chen, Enpeng & Shi, Maqian & Wang, Zixing & Yue, Huijuan & Tian, Ge & Feng, Shouhua, 2026. "Enhanced conversion of glucose to HMF by effectively modulating Sr2+ and oxygen vacancy content in TiO2 with Ca as sacrificial agent," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PI).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:256:y:2026:i:pi:s0960148125023699
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.124705
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nengchao Luo & Tiziano Montini & Jian Zhang & Paolo Fornasiero & Emiliano Fonda & Tingting Hou & Wei Nie & Jianmin Lu & Junxue Liu & Marc Heggen & Long Lin & Changtong Ma & Min Wang & Fengtao Fan & Sh, 2019. "Visible-light-driven coproduction of diesel precursors and hydrogen from lignocellulose-derived methylfurans," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 4(7), pages 575-584, July.
    2. Tu, Shanshan & Yu, Xiaojie & Ji, Qinghua & Ma, Qiannan & Zhou, Cunshan & Chen, Li & Okonkwo, Clinton Emeka, 2022. "Exploration of lower critical solution temperature DES in a thermoreversible aqueous two-phase system for integrating glucose conversion and 5-HMF separation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 392-401.
    3. Tana Tana & Pengfei Han & Aidan J. Brock & Xin Mao & Sarina Sarina & Eric R. Waclawik & Aijun Du & Steven E. Bottle & Huai-Yong Zhu, 2023. "Photocatalytic conversion of sugars to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using aluminium(III) and fulvic acid," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-11, December.
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