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A comprehensive dynamic system model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell for analysis of high current power generation

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  • Trinh, Dinh Hoang
  • Nguyen, Ngoc Dat
  • Choi, Yoora
  • Yu, Sangseok

Abstract

Developing high-power-density Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) requires a clear understanding of their behavior under high current density (HCD) operation. This study presents a dynamic system-level PEMFC model featuring an analytically derived cathode gas diffusion medium integrated with an empirical two-phase multiplier. The model is validated against experimental polarization curves, limiting current densities (LCDs), and oxygen transport resistance, confirming its accuracy in predicting power output limitations under HCD operation without assuming a constant LCD. Using the validated model, the effects of inlet air relative humidity (RH) and load acceleration time are analyzed. When RH exceeds 50 %, cathode flooding increases oxygen transport resistance, reducing both LCD and maximum power density (MPD). Faster load acceleration further compromises MPD due to undershoot behavior and insufficient water removal. At 10 % RH, extending acceleration time from 3 to 20 s improves LCD from 2.167 to 2.332 A/cm2 and the MPD from 0.958 to 1.088 W/cm2. However, at 80 % RH, LCD remains limited at 1.563 A/cm2 even with 20-s acceleration, highlighting the severe impact of flooding. These results reveal a critical trade-off: higher RH operation preserves efficiency but limits MPD, whereas lower RH with longer load acceleration time increases MPD output but compromises overall efficiency.

Suggested Citation

  • Trinh, Dinh Hoang & Nguyen, Ngoc Dat & Choi, Yoora & Yu, Sangseok, 2026. "A comprehensive dynamic system model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell for analysis of high current power generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PF).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:256:y:2026:i:pf:s0960148125020609
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.124396
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