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Cutoff grade optimization in open pit mines using genetic algorithm

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  • Ahmadi, Mohammad Reza
  • Shahabi, Reza Shakoor

Abstract

The fundamental objective of production planning is to create a mechanism for the implementation of the mining cutoff grades and short-term production planning. One of the most important parameters in open pit design is a determination of the optimal cutoff grade. Optimum cutoff grade results in maximizing profits or maximizing the net present value. Given that in determining the cutoff grade with the goal of maximizing profits, a constant value is obtained for the entire life of the mine. The annual income of the mine will be the same throughout its lifetime, and the time value of the money has not been neglected; which is the main disadvantage of this optimization process. While in optimization with the goal of maximizing net present value, the optimal value will be a function of the time and will be greater in the early years of the mine and will gradually decrease. Optimization of cutoff grades with the aim of maximizing the net present value over the life of the mine is important due to its dependence on the economic parameters, the design of the open pit mining and fundamental issues. Maximizing the net present value is a nonlinear programming problem. To determine the optimal cutoff grade Lane method is commonly used. Lane provided his method to determine the optimal cutoff grade by considering factors such as the capacity of the mine, concentrator and load capacity of the treatment plant, the time value of money and distributing grade. The procedure of the Lane method for cutoff grade calculation is complicated and time-consuming. Considering the widespread use of heuristic methods in optimizing parameters, In the present study genetic algorithm, which is a smart algorithm, is used to determine the optimal cutoff grade. In this paper, we compare the efficiency of the genetic algorithm and Lane's theory in optimizing the degree of limit based on maximizing the net present value. Using separate programming based on the genetic algorithm and considering the capacity limitations and the proportion between the parameters of mining to smelter and refining in the mine is done. For this purpose, consider precision of 0.001%, optimum cutoff grades, the amount of output per unit and the net present value are calculated. The optimum cutoff grade at the beginning of the life of the mine is equal to 0.506% and at the end of the life of the mine to 0.222% using the genetic algorithm. Using the Lane model at the beginning of the life of the mine the optimum cut-off grade from 0/503% to 0/220% reaches at the end of the mine's life. The net present value of earnings over a lifespan of 7 years mine in the genetic algorithm and Lane model is $ 93,467,914 and $ 94,408,000 respectively. Also, the amount of mining, the amount of processing and the amount of refinery obtained by the genetic algorithm method are compared to the Lane model. The results of the research indicate high speed and very low error of genetic algorithm and also a convergence of results with the Lane method.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmadi, Mohammad Reza & Shahabi, Reza Shakoor, 2018. "Cutoff grade optimization in open pit mines using genetic algorithm," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 184-191.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:55:y:2018:i:c:p:184-191
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.11.016
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Azimi, Yousuf & Osanloo, Morteza & Esfahanipour, Akbar, 2013. "An uncertainty based multi-criteria ranking system for open pit mining cut-off grade strategy selection," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 212-223.
    2. Thompson, Matt & Barr, Drew, 2014. "Cut-off grade: A real options analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 83-92.
    3. Osanloo, M. & Rashidinejad, F. & Rezai, B., 2008. "Incorporating environmental issues into optimum cut-off grades modeling at porphyry copper deposits," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 222-229, December.
    4. Rahimi, Esmaeil & Ghasemzadeh, Hasan, 2015. "A new algorithm to determine optimum cut-off grades considering technical, economical, environmental and social aspects," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(P1), pages 51-63.
    5. Asad, Mohammad Waqar Ali & Dimitrakopoulos, Roussos, 2013. "A heuristic approach to stochastic cutoff grade optimization for open pit mining complexes with multiple processing streams," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 591-597.
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    1. Paithankar, Amol & Chatterjee, Snehamoy & Goodfellow, Ryan & Asad, Mohammad Waqar Ali, 2020. "Simultaneous stochastic optimization of production sequence and dynamic cut-off grades in an open pit mining operation," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    2. Guo, Hongquan & Nguyen, Hoang & Vu, Diep-Anh & Bui, Xuan-Nam, 2021. "Forecasting mining capital cost for open-pit mining projects based on artificial neural network approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    3. Paithankar, Amol & Chatterjee, Snehamoy & Goodfellow, Ryan, 2021. "Open-pit mining complex optimization under uncertainty with integrated cut-off grade based destination policies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    4. Ahmadi, Mohammad Reza & Bazzazi, Abbas Aghajani, 2019. "Cutoff grades optimization in open pit mines using meta-heuristic algorithms," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 72-82.
    5. Noriega, Roberto & Pourrahimian, Yashar, 2022. "A systematic review of artificial intelligence and data-driven approaches in strategic open-pit mine planning," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    6. Biswas, Pritam & Sinha, Rabindra Kumar & Sen, Phalguni & Rajpurohit, Sohan Singh, 2020. "Determination of optimum cut-off grade of an open-pit metalliferous deposit under various limiting conditions using a linearly advancing algorithm derived from dynamic programming," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    7. Biswas, Pritam & Sinha, Rabindra Kumar & Sen, Phalguni, 2023. "A review of state-of-the-art techniques for the determination of the optimum cut-off grade of a metalliferous deposit with a bibliometric mapping in a surface mine planning context," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    8. Khan, Asif & Asad, Mohammad Waqar Ali, 2021. "A mixed integer programming based cut-off grade model for open-pit mining of complex poly-metallic resources," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    9. Yingyu Gu & Guoqing Li & Jie Hou & Chunchao Fan & Xingbang Qiang & Bin Bai & Yongfang Zhang, 2023. "Production Strategy Optimization of Integrated Exploitation for Multiple Deposits Considering Carbon Quota," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-17, February.

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