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A general approach for testing independence in Hilbert spaces

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  • Gaigall, Daniel
  • Wu, Shunyao
  • Liang, Hua

Abstract

We generalize the projection correlation idea for testing independence of random vectors which is known as a powerful method in multivariate analysis. A universal Hilbert space approach makes the new testing procedures useful in various cases and ensures the applicability to high or even infinite dimensional data. We prove that the new tests keep the significance level under the null hypothesis of independence exactly and can detect any alternative of dependence in the limit, in particular in settings where the dimensions of the observations is infinite or tend to infinity simultaneously with the sample size. Simulations demonstrate that the generalization does not impair the good performance of the approach and confirm our theoretical findings. Furthermore, we describe the implementation of the new approach and present a real data example for illustration.

Suggested Citation

  • Gaigall, Daniel & Wu, Shunyao & Liang, Hua, 2025. "A general approach for testing independence in Hilbert spaces," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jmvana:v:206:y:2025:i:c:s0047259x24000915
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jmva.2024.105384
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lai, Tingyu & Zhang, Zhongzhan & Wang, Yafei & Kong, Linglong, 2021. "Testing independence of functional variables by angle covariance," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    2. Székely, Gábor J. & Rizzo, Maria L., 2013. "The distance correlation t-test of independence in high dimension," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 193-213.
    3. Fang Han & Shizhe Chen & Han Liu, 2017. "Distribution-free tests of independence in high dimensions," Biometrika, Biometrika Trust, vol. 104(4), pages 813-828.
    4. Liping Zhu & Kai Xu & Runze Li & Wei Zhong, 2017. "Projection correlation between two random vectors," Biometrika, Biometrika Trust, vol. 104(4), pages 829-843.
    5. Marc Ditzhaus & Daniel Gaigall, 2022. "Testing marginal homogeneity in Hilbert spaces with applications to stock market returns," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 31(3), pages 749-770, September.
    6. Shun Yao & Xianyang Zhang & Xiaofeng Shao, 2018. "Testing mutual independence in high dimension via distance covariance," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 80(3), pages 455-480, June.
    7. Ruth Heller & Yair Heller & Malka Gorfine, 2013. "A consistent multivariate test of association based on ranks of distances," Biometrika, Biometrika Trust, vol. 100(2), pages 503-510.
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