Predicting the seed shadows of a Neotropical tree species dispersed by primates using an agent-based model with internal decision making for movements

The spatial pattern of endozoochorous seed dispersal depends strongly on the movement patterns of the disperser and the gut transit times of the seeds. In this study, we developed an individual-based simulation model for seed dispersal in the tropical tree Parkia panurensis carried out via two primate species (Saguinus mystax and Saguinus nigrifrons) using data collected at the Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco in northeastern Peruvian Amazonia. From field data, we identified factors determining the movement patterns of the primates. We assumed that the need for energy (food) is the driving force for movement and that other activities are scheduled accordingly. The final movement pattern is therefore an interplay between directional travel toward fruit trees, semi-directional searching for prey and stationary resting phases.