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Daily energy fluxes, evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of soybean

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  • Payero, José O.
  • Irmak, Suat

Abstract

Evapotranspiration represents the main consumptive use of water in agricultural production and its magnitude is important for irrigation water management. Since water shortages are increasing in many areas, there is a pressing need to improve irrigation water management, for which farmers need reliable information and tools to make better irrigation decisions. There is a lack of knowledge about the water use and irrigation requirements of crops grown in different environments, especially of new crop hybrids. The overall objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the water requirements of soybean. Specific objectives were to: (1) measure and document the daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and other energy fluxes, (2) document the daily and seasonal behavior of crop coefficients (Kc), and (3) evaluate the impact of weather variables on alfalfa-reference (ETr) and grass-reference (ETo) evapotranspiration. Here we report results of direct ETc measurements using an eddy covariance system obtained from soybean fields at North Platte, Nebraska, during 2002, 2003, and 2005. We found considerable differences in weather conditions among seasons that affected the accumulation of growing degree days, crop development pattern, crop ETc and Kc. We found that ETr values were on average 32.3% greater than ETo, which is important when choosing Kc values for calculating crop ETc. We also found that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) explained 90 and 92% of the variability in ETo and ETr, respectively. We presented daily measurements of energy fluxes and Kc values and found that measured Kc values were quite variable and often deviated considerably from the average Kc curves given in FAO-56 due to wetting events (rain and irrigation) and crop stress. Therefore, we recommend using the dual Kc method, rather than the single Kc method, for irrigation scheduling. In addition, we found considerable differences in crop maturity among years and suggested that acceleration in maturity could be due to crop stress, especially during the reproductive period. We raised the need for accurate methods to quantify the effect of stress on crop maturity and its impact on Kc.

Suggested Citation

  • Payero, José O. & Irmak, Suat, 2013. "Daily energy fluxes, evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of soybean," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 31-43.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:129:y:2013:i:c:p:31-43
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2013.06.018
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Payero, J.O. & Tarkalson, D.D. & Irmak, S. & Davison, D. & Petersen, J.L., 2009. "Effect of timing of a deficit-irrigation allocation on corn evapotranspiration, yield, water use efficiency and dry mass," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 96(10), pages 1387-1397, October.
    2. Allen, Richard G. & Pereira, Luis S. & Howell, Terry A. & Jensen, Marvin E., 2011. "Evapotranspiration information reporting: I. Factors governing measurement accuracy," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 98(6), pages 899-920, April.
    3. Li, Hongjun & Zheng, Li & Lei, Yuping & Li, Chunqiang & Liu, Zhijun & Zhang, Shengwei, 2008. "Estimation of water consumption and crop water productivity of winter wheat in North China Plain using remote sensing technology," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 95(11), pages 1271-1278, November.
    4. Payero, Jose O. & Melvin, Steven R. & Irmak, Suat & Tarkalson, David, 2006. "Yield response of corn to deficit irrigation in a semiarid climate," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 84(1-2), pages 101-112, July.
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    5. Wei, Zheng & Paredes, Paula & Liu, Yu & Chi, Wei Wei & Pereira, Luis S., 2015. "Modelling transpiration, soil evaporation and yield prediction of soybean in North China Plain," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 43-53.
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    7. Campos, Isidro & Neale, Christopher M.U. & Suyker, Andrew E. & Arkebauer, Timothy J. & Gonçalves, Ivo Z., 2017. "Reflectance-based crop coefficients REDUX: For operational evapotranspiration estimates in the age of high producing hybrid varieties," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 140-153.
    8. da Silva, Evandro H.F.M. & Gonçalves, Alexandre O. & Pereira, Rodolfo A. & Fattori Júnior, Izael M. & Sobenko, Luiz R. & Marin, Fábio R., 2019. "Soybean irrigation requirements and canopy-atmosphere coupling in Southern Brazil," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 218(C), pages 1-7.
    9. Pereira, L.S. & Paredes, P. & López-Urrea, R. & Hunsaker, D.J. & Mota, M. & Mohammadi Shad, Z., 2021. "Standard single and basal crop coefficients for vegetable crops, an update of FAO56 crop water requirements approach," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    10. Anapalli, Saseendran S. & Fisher, Daniel K. & Reddy, Krishna N. & Wagle, Pradeep & Gowda, Prasanna H. & Sui, Ruixiu, 2018. "Quantifying soybean evapotranspiration using an eddy covariance approach," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 228-239.

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