The Effect of Third-Party Logistics Providers (3PLs) on Supply-Chain Performance in Northern Ghana — A Systematic Review

This study systematically reviews the literature on the effects of Third-Party Logistics Providers (3PLs) on supply chain performance in Northern Ghana by synthesizing empirical evidence and review studies. A systematic search of academic databases, regional journals, and grey literature published between 2000 and 2025 identified 38 relevant empirical and review studies examining 3PL adoption, supply chain performance outcomes, and contextual barriers. The review focuses on key performance dimensions including cost efficiency, lead time, delivery reliability, inventory accuracy, and operational flexibility, while also considering challenges related to infrastructure, information and communication technology (ICT), and institutional capacity. The findings indicate that organizations in Ghana and comparable West African contexts benefit from logistics outsourcing through improved flexibility, enhanced delivery performance, and greater cost effectiveness. However, these benefits are constrained by inadequate transport infrastructure, limited ICT integration, and weak contractual and managerial capabilities among client firms. The review identifies a significant shortage of primary empirical studies focusing specifically on Northern Ghana and highlights important gaps requiring further investigation. The study concludes that strengthening logistics infrastructure, ICT capabilities, and contractual governance can significantly improve supply chain performance. It provides a research and practice agenda for policymakers, logistics managers, development partners, and researchers seeking to enhance logistics outsourcing and supply chain effectiveness in Ghana.