Monitoring and Analysis of Classical and Contemporary Factors of Production in Uganda: A Qualitative Study

The Ugandan economy is a combination of traditional agriculture-based production and emerging knowledge-intensive sectors. Production factors, according to classical economic theory, are a function of land, labour, and capital, representing the agrarian and industrial roots of the economy. According to Smith (1776), Ricardo (1817), land remains an important input in production, although labour and physical capital are generally limited by inadequate skills and financing in Uganda. The increase in contemporary production emphasizes entrepreneurship, innovation, and knowledge/technology as the driving forces behind value creation. Drucker (1993) and Romer (1990) advance that the qualitative approach involves policy analysis and a series of in-depth interviews with key informants who can provide evidence for an in-depth critical examination of how productive capacity in Uganda relates to both classical and contemporary factors. In that context, the study adopts an interpretivist-constructivist paradigm in which stakeholders contextualize the meaning of and implement a strategy for production. The findings indicate that classical factors remain foundational but that contemporary factors, mainly entrepreneurship and ICT-driven innovations, serve as critical drivers of economic diversification and structural transformation. However, incomplete access to quality education and technology, and financing opportunities, hinders complete exploitation of such contemporary production factors. These factors lead to a hybrid framework that incorporates both classical and modern factors as likely to constitute a far more comprehensive model against which Ugandan development could be understood. This includes policy implications involving investing in the development of skills and digital infrastructure, along with supporting entrepreneurship programs to harmonize productive capacity between traditional and modern sectors. These measures will enhance economic productivity, decrease unemployment, and strengthen Uganda's competitiveness within regional and global markets.