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Responses to discrimination and psychiatric disorders among black, hispanic, female, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals

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  • McLaughlin, K.A.
  • Hatzenbuehler, M.L.
  • Keyes, K.M.

Abstract

Objectives. We examined associations between perceived discrimination due to race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, or gender; responses to discrimination experiences; and psychiatric disorders. Methods. The sample included respondents in the 2004-2005 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n=34653). We analyzed the associations between self-reported past-year discrimination and past-year psychiatric disorders as assessed with structured diagnostic interviews among Black (n=6587); Hispanic (n=6359); lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB; n = 577); and female (n =20089) respondents. Results. Black respondents reported the highest levels of past-year discrimination, followed by LGB, Hispanic, and female respondents. Across groups, discrimination was associated with 12-month mood (odds ratio [ORs]=2.1-3.1), anxiety (ORs=1.8-3.3), and substance use (ORs=1.6-3.5) disorders. Respondents who reported not accepting discrimination and not discussing it with others had higher odds of psychiatric disorders (ORs=2.9-3.9) than did those who did not accept discrimination but did discuss it with others. Black respondents and women who accepted discrimination and did not talk about it with others had elevated rates of mood and anxiety disorders, respectively. Conclusions. Psychiatric disorders are more prevalent among individuals reporting past-year discrimination experiences. Certain responses to discrimination, particularly not disclosing it, are associated with psychiatric morbidity.

Suggested Citation

  • McLaughlin, K.A. & Hatzenbuehler, M.L. & Keyes, K.M., 2010. "Responses to discrimination and psychiatric disorders among black, hispanic, female, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 100(8), pages 1477-1484.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2009.181586_3
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181586
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    Cited by:

    1. Concetta P Pelullo & Gabriella Di Giuseppe & Italo F Angelillo, 2013. "Frequency of Discrimination, Harassment, and Violence in Lesbian, Gay Men, and Bisexual in Italy," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(8), pages 1-1, August.
    2. Gilbert, Paul A. & Zemore, Sarah E., 2016. "Discrimination and drinking: A systematic review of the evidence," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 178-194.
    3. Rosenbaum, Mark S. & Ramirez, Germán Contreras & Kim, Kathy (Kawon), 2021. "From overt to covert: Exploring discrimination against homosexual consumers in retail stores," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    4. Carla Comacchio & Giulia Antolini & Mirella Ruggeri & Marco Colizzi, 2022. "Gender-Oriented Mental Health Prevention: A Reappraisal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-21, January.
    5. Roger L Scott & Gerri Lasiuk & Colleen Norris, 2016. "The relationship between sexual orientation and depression in a national population sample," Journal of Clinical Nursing, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 25(23-24), pages 3522-3532, December.
    6. Bethany G. Everett & Jarron Saint Onge & Stefanie Mollborn, 2016. "Effects of Minority Status and Perceived Discrimination on Mental Health," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 35(4), pages 445-469, August.
    7. Reza Nakhaie, 2022. "Discrimination, Psychological Isolation, and Flight from School," Journal of International Migration and Integration, Springer, vol. 23(3), pages 1515-1541, September.

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