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How Does the Intersection of Sex and Nonbinary Gender Identity Affect Hiring Discrimination? Evidence from a Correspondence Field Experiment

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  • Taryn Eames

Abstract

This study examines the intersection of sex and nonbinary gender identity in hiring discrimination using a resume audit study, where sex was signaled via first name and nonbinary identity via "they/them" pronoun disclosure. Results show male and female nonbinary applicants face similar discrimination levels, with patterns in sex-based discrimination resembling those of cisgender applicants with the same implied sex: Female-named applicants are penalized in male-dominated occupations and vice versa. Applicants with intersecting minoritized identities—being both the nondominant sex and disclosing nonbinary pronouns—face heightened discrimination. These findings highlight the importance of considering intersecting identities in understanding labor market disparities.

Suggested Citation

  • Taryn Eames, 2025. "How Does the Intersection of Sex and Nonbinary Gender Identity Affect Hiring Discrimination? Evidence from a Correspondence Field Experiment," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, vol. 115, pages 202-208, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:aea:apandp:v:115:y:2025:p:202-08
    DOI: 10.1257/pandp.20251050
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • C93 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Field Experiments
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J23 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Demand
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing
    • M51 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Personnel Economics - - - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions

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