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International Monetary Fund

IMF Working Papers

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1994

94/35 Drift in Producer Price Indexes for the Former Soviet Union (FSU) Countries
by Kimberly D. Zieschang & FranÃ§ois Lequiller
94/34 Financial and Enterprise Restructuring in Emerging Market Economies
by Timothy D. Lane & Steven M. Fries
94/33 International Evidence on Tradables and Nontradables Inflation
by Jose De Gregorio & Holger C. Wolf & Alberto Giovannini
94/32 Taxation of Petroleum Products - Theory and Empirical Evidence
by Poonam Gupta & Walter Mahler
94/31 The Use of Financial Spreads as Indicator Variables: Evidence for the U.K. and Germany
by E. P. Davis & S. G. B. Henry
94/30 Labor Market Institutions and Flexibility in Italy - A Critical Evaluation and Some International Comparisons
by Dimitri G. Demekas
94/29 Competitiveness Indicators - A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment
by Stephen Tokarick & Ian W. Marsh
94/28 Changing Patterns in Public Expenditure Management: An Overview
by A. Premchand
94/27 Core Functional Requirements for Fiscal Management Systems
by Ali Hashim & Bill Allan
94/26 An Overview of the Japanese Distribution System: The Case of the Automobile Industry
by Sayuri Shirai
94/25 The "Hard" SDR - An Exploratory Analysis
by Subhash Madhav Thakur
94/24 Systemic Requirements for Monetary Stability in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union
by Jacek Rostowski
94/23 Economics, Politics, and Ethics of Primary Commodity Development: How Can Poor Countries in Africa Benefit the Most?
by Uma J. Lele & James Jerome Gockowski & Kofi Adu-Nyako
94/22 Targeting the Real Exchange Rate: Theory and Evidence
by Guillermo Calvo & Carmen Reinhart & Carlos A. VÃ©gh Gramont
94/21 Exchange Market Pressures and Speculative Capital Flows in Selected European Countries
by Inci Ã–tker & Ceyla Pazarbasioglu
94/20 Realignment Expectations, Forward Rate Bias, and Sterilized Intervention in an Adjustable Peg Exchange Rate Model with Policy Optimization
by Peter Isard
94/19 Real Exchange Rates and the Prices of Nontradable Goods
by Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti & S. Micossi
94/18 Witholding Taxes and the Cost of Public Debt
by Harry Huizinga
94/17 Robustness of Equilibrium Exchange Rate Calculations to Alternative Assumptions and Methodologies
by Tamim Bayoumi & Peter B. Clark & Steven A. Symansky & Mark P. Taylor
94/16 Geography, Trade Patterns, and Economic Policy
by Carlos M. Asilis & Luis Rivera-Batiz
94/15 Endogenous Time Preference and Endogenous Growth
by Howell H. Zee
94/14 Working Paper Summaries (WP/93/55 - WP/93/95)
by Staff Team
94/13 The Payments Systems Reforms and Monetary Policy in Emerging Market Economies in Central and Eastern Europe
by Vasudevan Sundararajan & TomÃ¡s J. T. BaliÃ±o & Juhi Dhawan
94/12 Real Estate Price Inflation, Monetary Policy, and Expectations in the United States and Japan
by Garry J. Schinasi & Hossein Samiei
94/11 Monetary Policy in Unified Currency Areas - The Cases of the CAMA and ECCA During 1976-90
by Jean-Claude Nascimento
94/10 Shortages Under Free Prices: the Case of Ukraine in 1992
by Timothy D. Lane & Rolando Ossowski & Alexander Sundakov
94/9 The Macroeconomic Determinants of Commodity Prices
by Eduardo Borensztein & Carmen Reinhart
94/8 Export Instability and the External Balance in Developing Countries
by Atish R. Ghosh & Jonathan David Ostry
94/7 Commodity Prices - Cyclical Weakness or Secular Decline?
by Peter Wickham & Carmen Reinhart
94/6 Measuring the Transition - A User's View on National Accounts in Russia
by Vincent Koen
94/5 Comparative Advantage, Exchange Rates, and G-7 Sectoral Trade Balances
by Stephen S. Golub
94/4 The U.S. Public Debt - Implications for Growth
by Carlos M. Asilis
94/3 Money Demand, Bank Credit, and Economic Performance in Former Socialist Economies
by Manmohan S. Kumar & Guillermo Calvo
94/2 Long Memory Processes and Chronic Inflation - Detecting Homogeneous Components in a Linear Rational Expectation Model
by Fabio Scacciavillani
94/1 ERM Money Supplies and the Transition to EMU
by Timothy D. Lane & Paul R. Masson & Marcel Cassard

1993

93/95 The Integration of World Capital Markets
by Michael Mussa & Morris Goldstein
93/94 Endogeneity in Structural Unemployment Equations: The Case of Canada
by Caroline van Rijckeghem
93/93 U.S. Health Care Reform
by Ellen Marie Nedde
93/92 Recent U.S. Investment Incentives
by Christopher M. Towe
93/91 Labor Market Aspects of Industrial Restructuring in Canada
by Eswar Prasad
93/90 On Credible Disinflation
by Jorge Roldos
93/89 Price Controls and Electoral Cycles
by Pierre-Richard AgÃ©nor & Carlos M. Asilis
93/88 Financial Liberalization and the Information Content of Money in Indonesia, Korea, and the Philippines
by A. Javier Hamann
93/87 Monetary Instruments and Their Use During the Transition from a Centrally Planned to a Market Economy
by Paul Louis Ceriel Hilbers
93/86 The Impact of Worldwide Military Spending Cuts on Developing Countries
by Tamim Bayoumi & Steven A. Symansky & Daniel P. Hewitt
93/85 Japanese Banks and the Asset Price "Bubble"
by Steven M. Fries
93/84 International R&D Spillovers
by David T. Coe & Elhanan Helpman
93/83 Expected Devaluation and Economic Fundamentals
by Alun H. Thomas
93/82 Devaluation and Competitiveness in a Small Open Economy - Ireland 1987-1993
by Leonardo Bartolini
93/81 Supply-Side Economics in an Integrated World Economy
by Enrique G. Mendoza & Linda L. Tesa
93/80 Government Finance in a Model of Currency Substitution
by Anne C. Sibert & Lihong Liu
93/79 Efficiency Wages and Labor Mobility in an Open Economy
by Pierre-Richard AgÃ©nor & Julio A. Santaella
93/78 A Framework for Assessing Fiscal Sustainability and External Viability, with an Application to India
by Karen Elizabeth Parker & Steffen Kastner
93/77 Asset Price Inflation in the 1980s - A Flow of Funds Perspective
by Garry J. Schinasi & Steven Riess Weisbrod & Monica Hargraves
93/76 Testing the Credibility of Belgium's Exchange Rate Policy
by Ioannis Halikias
93/75 The Role of Financial Institutions in the Transition to a Market Economy
by Michael G. Spencer & H. J. Blommestein
93/74 The Russian Federation in Transition - External Developments
by Benedicte Vibe Christensen
93/73 An Extended Scenario and Adjustment Model for Developing Countries
by Sheila Bassett & Manmohan S. Kumar & Hossein Samiei
93/72 Credit Markets and Stagnation in an Endogenous Growth Model
by Jose De Gregorio
93/71 Economic Trends in Africa - The Economic Performance of Sub-Saharan African Countries
by Jean A. P. ClÃ©ment & Pierre Dhonte & Mbuyamu Ilankir Matungulu & Dawn Elizabeth Rehm
93/70 Is the Parallel Market Premium a Reliable Indicator of Real Exchange Rate Misalignment in Developing Countries
by Peter Montiel & Jonathan David Ostry
93/69 Presumptive Taxation: Revenue and Automatic Stabilizer Aspects
by S. Nuri Erbas
93/68 Alternative Exchange Rate Strategies and Fiscal Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa
by Stefania Bazzoni & Karim A. Nashashibi
93/67 The Stabilizing Effect of the ERM on Exchange Rates and Interest Rates - An Empirical Investigation
by Mark P. Taylor & Michael J. Artis
93/66 Structural Adjustment, Economic Performance, and Aid Dependency in Tanzania
by Michael Mered & Roger Nord & Nisha Agrawal & Zafar U. Ahmed
93/65 Technical Assistance on Tax Policy - A Review
by Staff Team
93/64 The Use of Foreign Exchange Swaps by Central Banks - A Survey
by Catharina J. Hooyman
93/63 Working Paper Summaries (WP/93/1 - WP/93/54)
by Staff Team
93/62 Saving, Investment, and the Regional Current Account: An Analysis of Canadian, British, and German Regions
by Alun H. Thomas
93/61 Enterprise Arrears in Russia: Causes and Policy Options
by SÃ©rgio Pereira. Leite & David Bigman
93/60 Collection Lags and the Optimal Inflation Tax: A Reconsideration
by Alex Mourmouras & JosÃ© A. Tijerina
93/59 Openness, Human Development, and Fiscal Policies - Effects on Economic Growth and Speed of Adjustment
by Delano Villanueva
93/58 The Fiscal Abuse of Central Banks
by Maxwell J. Fry
93/57 Political Feasibility and Investment in Economic Transformations
by Peter Isard & Joshua Aizenman
93/56 Sovereign Debt: A Survey of Some Theoretical and Policy Issues
by Vivek B. Arora
93/55 The Economic Reform Process in Russia
by Henri Lorie & J. C. Odling-Smee
93/54 Lessons in Fiscal Consolidation for the Successor States of the Soviet Union
by George Kopits
93/53 An Analytical Framework of Environmental Issues
by Jonathan Levin
93/52 Revisiting Japan's External Adjustment Since 1985
by Guy Meredith
93/51 Public and Private Investment and the Convergence of Per Capita Incomes in Developing Countries
by Mohsin S. Khan & Manmohan S. Kumar
93/50 Optimal Tariffs - Theory and Practice
by Arvind Subramanian & Ali Ibrahim & Luis A. Torres-Castro
93/49 Introduction of a New National Currency: Policy, Institutional, and Technical Issues
by Richard K. Abrams & HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s Douglas
93/48 DEER Hunting - Misalignment, Debt Accumulation, and Desired Equilibrium Exchange Rates
by Mark P. Taylor & Michael J. Artis
93/47 Price Reform and Durable Goods in the Transition to a Market Economy
by Pierre-Richard AgÃ©nor
93/46 Viet Nam - Reform and Stabilization, 1986-92
by Erich SpitÃ¤ller & Gabrielle Lipworth
93/45 The Behavior of Nontradable Goods Prices in Europe: Evidence and Interpretation
by Thomas Krueger & Jose De Gregorio & Alberto Giovannini
93/44 The Relation Between Skill Levels and the Cyclical Variability of Employment, Hours, and Wages
by Eswar Prasad & Michael P. Keane
93/43 On Improving Public Expenditure Policies for the Poor - Major Informational Requirements
by Ehtisham Ahmad & Nigel Andrew Chalk
93/42 Poland - The Social Safety Net During the Transition
by Xavier Maret & Gerd Schwartz
93/41 Exports and Economic Development
by Delano Villanueva
93/40 Toward an Economic Theory of Multilateral Development Banking
by Gerd Schwartz
93/39 Economic Reform in Arab Countries - A Review of Structural Issues for the Remainder of the 1990s
by Shamsuddin Tareq & Mohamed A. El-Erian
93/38 Real Exchange Rate Targeting Under Imperfect Asset Substitutability
by JosÃ© SaÃºl Lizondo
93/37 Private Saving, Public Saving, and the Inflation Tax: Another Look at an Old Issue
by A. Javier Hamann
93/36 Experience With Floating Interbank Exchange Rate Systems in Five Developing Economies
by Vicente Galbis
93/35 Reserve Requirements and Monetary Management: An Introduction
by Daniel C. L. Hardy
93/34 Do Capital Flows Reflect Economic Fundamentals in Developing Countries?
by Atish R. Ghosh & Jonathan David Ostry
93/33 Net Foreign Assets and International Adjustment: The United States, Japan, and Germany
by Paul R. Masson & Jeroen J. M. Kremers & Jocelyn Horne
93/32 Labor Market Issues in Belgium: An International Perspective
by Reza Moghadam
93/31 Savings, Growth and Capital Markets Imperfections: The Case of Borrowing Constraints
by Jose De Gregorio
93/30 Determinants of Private Investment in Pakistan
by Khaled Sakr
93/29 Stabilization Dynamics and Backward-Looking Contracts
by Guillermo Calvo & Carlos A. VÃ©gh Gramont
93/28 Evaluating the EMS and EMU Using Stochastic Simulations: Some Issues
by Paul R. Masson & Steven A. Symansky
93/27 Public Expenditure Policy and the Environment: A Review and Synthesis
by Sanjeev Gupta & Kenneth M. Miranda & Ian Parry
93/26 Intertemporal Substitution in Consumption Revisited
by Zuliu Hu
93/25 Centralized Bargaining, Efficiency Wages, and Flexibility
by Ramana Ramaswamy & Bob Rowthorn
93/24 The Demand for M1 in the United States: A Comment on Baba, Hendry, and Starr
by James M. Boughton
93/23 Conducting Monetary and Credit Policy in Countries of the Former Soviet Union - Some Issues and Options
by Hugh Bredenkamp
93/22 Fiscal Policy and the Economic Restructuring of Economies in Transition
by Vito Tanzi
93/21 A Primer on Tax Evasion
by Parthasrathi Shome & Vito Tanzi
93/20 Monetary and Exchange Rate Arrangements for NAFTA
by Tamim Bayoumi & Barry J. Eichengreen
93/19 The Yield Curve and Real Activity
by Zuliu Hu
93/18 Military Expenditures 1972-1990: The Reasons Behind the Post-1985 Fall in World Military Spending
by Daniel P. Hewitt
93/17 Economic Consequences of Lower Military Spending - Some Simulation Results
by Tamim Bayoumi & Jerald Alan Schiff & Daniel P. Hewitt
93/16 Economic Restructuring, Unemployment, and Growth in a Transition Economy
by Bankim Chadha & KornÃ©lia KrajnyÃ¡k & Fabrizio Coricelli
93/15 Asset Pricing in the International Economy
by JosÃ© M. Barrionuevo
93/14 A Comparative Analysis of the Structure of Tax Systems in Industrial Countries
by Enrique G. Mendoza & Assaf Razin & Linda L. Tesa
93/13 Exchange-Rate Unification with Black Market Leakages - Russia 1992
by Linda S. Goldberg
93/12 Auctions - Theory and Possible Applications to Economies in Transition
by Robert Alan Feldman & Rajnish Mehra
93/11 Capital and Trade as Engines of Growth in France - An Application of Johansen's Cointegration Methodology
by David T. Coe & Reza Moghadam
93/10 Portfolio Performance of the SDR and Reserve Currencies: Tests Using the ARCH Methodology
by Michael G. Papaioannou & Tugrul Temel
93/9 Poverty, Demographic Characteristics, and Public Policy in CIS Countries
by Ehtisham Ahmad
93/8 Alternative Social Security Systems in CIS Countries
by Ehtisham Ahmad & Jean-Luc Schneider
93/7 High Real Interest Rates Under Financial Liberalization: Is There a Problem?
by Vicente Galbis
93/6 Resource Allocation During the Transition to a Market Economy: Policy Implications of Supply Bottlenecks and Adjustment Costs
by Peter Isard & Joshua Aizenman
93/5 Taxes and the Price Level: A Further Examination of the PPP Hypothesis
by Ephraim Kleiman
93/4 Working Paper Summaries (WP/92/49 - WP/92/112)
by Staff Team
93/3 Stabilization Programs and External Enforcement - Experience From the 1920s
by Julio A. Santaella
93/2 Cash-Flow Tax
by Parthasrathi Shome & Christian Schutte
93/1 French-German Interest Rate Differentials and Time-Varying Realignment Risk
by Francesco Caramazza

1992

92/112 U.S. State and Local Government Finances Over the Current Cycle
by Tamim Bayoumi
92/111 Robustness of Macroeconomic Indicators of Capital Mobility
by Enrique G. Mendoza
92/110 Macroeconomic Models for the PC
by Willem Bier
92/109 The Volatility of Consumption in a Simple General Equilibrium Model
by Gunnar Tersman
92/108 Tax Policy and Trade Liberalization - An Application to Mexico
by Andrew Feltenstein
92/107 Fund Transactions and Reserve Creation
by Samir Fawzi
92/106 Testing the Neoclassical Theory of Economic Growth - A Panel Data Approach
by Delano Villanueva & Malcolm D. Knight & Norman Loayza
92/105 Risk-Taking and Optimal Taxation with Nontradable Human Capital
by Zuliu Hu
92/104 International Environmental Taxation in the Absence of Sovereignty
by Bernard P. Herber
92/103 Money and Banking Statistics in Former Soviet Union (FSU) Economies
by Robert Di Calogero & K. Wilhelm Nahr & Richard T. Stillson
92/101 Financial Development and Economic Growth
by Pablo Emilio Guidotti & Jose De Gregorio
92/100 Optimal and Sustainable Exchange Rate Regimes: A Simple Game-Theoretic Approach
by Masahiro Kawai
92/99 Money and Credit Under Currency Substitution
by Carlos A. Rodriguez
92/98 The Terms of Trade and Economic Fluctuations
by Enrique G. Mendoza
92/97 Fiscal Policy in Pakistan Since 1970
by Nadeem Ul Haque & Peter Montiel
92/96 Asymmetry in the ERM: A Case Study of French and German Interest Rates Since Basle-Nyborg
by W. R. M. Perraudin & E. H. Gardner
92/95 Managing Payment System Risk During the Transition From a Centrally Planned to a Market Economy
by Andrew T. Hook
92/94 The European Community's Trade and Trade-Related Industrial Policies
by Roger P. Kronenberg & Joslin Landell-Mills & Miranda Xafa
92/93 Linkages Between External Debt Data and Balance of Payments, Government Finance and Monetary Statistics
by Jan BovÃ©
92/92 Price Liberalization in Russia: The Early Record
by Steven Phillips & Vincent Koen
92/91 The Savings Trap and Economic Take-Off
by Atish R. Ghosh & Carlos M. Asilis
92/90 International Trade, Distortions and Long-Run Economic Growth
by Jong-Wha Lee
92/89 China - An Evolving Market Economy - A Review of Reform Experience
by Michael W. Bell & Kalpana Kochhar
92/88 Are Prices Countercyclical?
by Bankim Chadha & Eswar Prasad
92/87 Implementation of Monetary Policy in EMS Countries Participating in the Exchange Rate Mechanism
by Michel Galy
92/86 Structural and Macroeconomic Determinants of the Output Decline in Poland: 1990-91
by Eduardo Borensztein & Jonathan David Ostry
92/85 Capital Inflows to Latin America: The 1970s and the 1990s
by Guillermo Calvo & Carmen Reinhart & Leonardo Leiderman
92/82 Issues in Managing and Sequencing Financial Sector Reforms Lessons from Experiences in Five Developing Countries
by R. B. Johnston & Vasudevan Sundararajan & Amer Bisat
92/81 Currency Substitution and Cross-Border Monetary Aggregation: Evidence from the G-7
by Timothy D. Lane & Stephen S. Poloz
92/80 Automating the Price Discovery Process - Some International Comparisons and Regulatory Implications
by Ian Domowitz
92/79 Private Sector Development in State-Dominated Economies
by Aasim M. Husain
92/78 Spain - Landmarks in Economic Development, 1939-92
by Michel Galy & Erich SpitÃ¤ller
92/77 Treatment of Intercompany Transfer Pricing for Tax Purposes - A Survey of Legislative and Administrative Issues
by Yuichi Ikeda
92/76 A Taxonomy of Automated Trade Execution Systems
by Ian Domowitz
92/75 External Shocks and Inflation in Developing Countries Under a Real Exchange Rate Rule
by Peter Montiel & Jonathan David Ostry
92/74 Wage Claims, Incomes Policy, and the Path of Output and Inflation in a Formerly Centrally Planned Economy
by Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti
92/72 Macroeconomic Uncertainty, Precautionary Savings and the Current Account
by Atish R. Ghosh & Jonathan David Ostry
92/71 The Implications of Cross-Border Monetary Aggregation
by Timothy D. Lane & Jeroen J. M. Kremers
92/70 Tax Farming - A Radical Solution for Developing Country Tax Problems?
by Peter Stella
92/69 A Simple Monetary Model of a Shortage Economy
by Shoukang Lin
92/68 Interest Rate Policy in Central and Eastern Europe - The Influence of Monetary Overhangs and Weak Enterprise Discipline
by Adam Bennett & Susan Schadler
92/67 Wage and Public Debt Indexation
by Pablo Emilio Guidotti
92/66 The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire: Lessons for Currency Reform
by Michael G. Spencer & Peter M. Garber
92/65 Currency Substitution - The Recent Experience of Bolivia
by Benedict J. Clements & Gerd Schwartz
92/64 Output Collapse in Eastern Europe - The Role of Credit
by Guillermo Calvo & Fabrizio Coricelli
92/63 Discretionary Monetary Policy Versus Rules - The Japanese Experience During 1986-91
by Guy Meredith
92/62 Capital Inflows and Real Exchange Rate Appreciation in Latin America: The Role of External Factors
by Guillermo Calvo & Carmen Reinhart & Leonardo Leiderman
92/61 Stock Market Response to Unexpected Macroeconomic News: The Australian Evidence
by Mahdi Sadeghi
92/59 The Output Decline in the Aftermath of Reform: The Cases of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Romania
by Eduardo Borensztein & Dimitri G. Demekas & Jonathan David Ostry
92/58 Working Paper Summaries (WP/92/1 - WP/92/47)
by Staff Team
92/57 Endogenous Creditor Seniority and External Debt Values
by Mark R. Stone & Michael P. Dooley
92/56 Using an EC-Wide Monetary Aggregate in Stage Two of EMU
by Tamim Bayoumi & Peter B. Kenen
92/55 The Export Performance of Sub-Saharan Africa, 1970-90: A Survey
by Joshua E. Greene
92/54 Current Account Deficits, External Liabilities and Economic Policy
by J. D. Pitchford
92/53 Multi-Country Evidence on the Effects of Macroeconomic, Financial and Trade Policies on Efficiency of Resource Utilization in the Developing Countries
by M. O. Odedokun
92/52 The Sub-Saharan African Debt Problem: An Update
by Joshua E. Greene
92/51 Exchange Rates, Country Preferences, and Gold
by Peter Isard & Mark P. Taylor & Michael P. Dooley
92/50 Independent Currency Authorities: An Analytic Primer
by Kent Osband & Delano Villanueva
92/49 Alternative Forms of Mineral Taxation, Market Failure and the Environment
by Timothy R. Muzondo
92/48 A Simple Forecasting Accuracy Criterion Under Rational Expectations: Evidence from the World Economic Outlook and Time Series Models
by JosÃ© M. Barrionuevo
92/47 The Macroeconomic Effects of Counterpart Funds and the Underlying Foreign Aid
by Christian B. Mulder
92/46 Liberalization of the Capital Account: Experiences and Issues
by Donald J. Mathieson & Liliana Rojas-SuÃ¡rez
92/45 Bank Risk and the Declining Franchise Value of the Banking Systems in the United States and Japan
by Liliana Rojas-SuÃ¡rez & Steven Riess Weisbrod & Howard Lee
92/44 Price Liberalization in a Reforming Socialist Economy: A Search Equilibrium Approach
by Domenico Fanizza
92/43 Trends and Future Directions in Tax Policy Reform - A Latin American Perspective
by Parthasrathi Shome

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