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Lehren aus der Asienkrise: wirtschaftspolitische Reaktionen und fortbestehende Reformdefizite

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  • Diehl, Markus
  • Nunnenkamp, Peter

Abstract

Die überraschend schnelle wirtschaftliche Erholung der asiatischen Krisenländer (Indonesien, Korea, Malaysia, die Philippinen und Thailand) ging mit makroökonomischen Anpassungsmaßnahmen und strukturellen Reformen im Finanz- und Unternehmenssektor einher. Gleichwohl unterscheiden sich die Reaktionsmuster und die Reformfortschritte innerhalb der Region. Der wirtschaftliche Aufschwung ist dort besonders ausgeprägt, wo vergleichsweise günstige Ausgangsbedingungen mit weitreichenden Strukturreformen zusammentrafen. Trotz anfänglicher Fehldiagnosen und problematischer Bestandteile der angewandten Therapie ist der generalisierende Vorwurf, der IWF habe in der Asienkrise gegen die Interessen der betroffenen Länder gehandelt, nicht haltbar. Auf berechtigte Kritik stößt hingegen die ausufernde Konditionalität des IWF. Der IWF sollte sich deshalb auf seine Kernkompetenzen zurückbesinnen, und die Zugangsbedingungen der Mitgliedsstaaten zu kurzfristigen Liquiditätshilfen sollten auf im Vorhinein festgelegten Kriterien beruhen. Der so genannte Washington-Konsens hat sich mit der Asienkrise nicht als falsch, sondern als unvollständig erwiesen. Er ist insbesondere im Bereich der Finanzmarktregulierung weiterzuentwickeln. Um die Krisenresistenz nationaler Finanzsysteme zu festigen, gilt es einerseits Maßnahmen zur Risikovorsorge zu treffen und die Einhaltung von Mindeststandards zu kontrollieren. Andererseits sind diskretionäre Eingriffe der Regierungen in die nationalen Finanzmärkte zu unterlassen. Bei der Einbindung von Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern in den internationalen Kapitalverkehr bietet sich ein schrittweises Vorgehen an. Es empfiehlt sich, institutionelle Defizite bei der Überwachung der nationalen Finanzmärkte vor einer völligen Freigabe des grenzüberschreitenden Kapitalverkehrs zu beheben. Neben der nationalen Risikovorsorge sollte das multilaterale Regelwerk reformiert werden. Vorrangig geht es darum, Liquiditätsengpässe in fremder Währung zu überbrücken und Überschuldungsfälle mit einer angemessenen Lastenverteilung zu bewältigen, ohne die Anreize für ein Fehlverhalten der beteiligten Akteure zu verstärken. Die sich in Ostasien abzeichnenden Ansätze einer finanzpolitischen Kooperation zur Krisenvermeidung und -bekämpfung können ein globales Krisenmanagement nicht ersetzen, möglicherweise aber ergänzen. Es ist allerdings fraglich, ob sich wirtschaftspolitische Fehlentwicklungen in einem Land besser durch peer pressure der Nachbarländer korrigieren lassen als durch die Überwachung des IWF. Über ein regionales Krisenmanagement hinausgehende monetäre Integrationsschritte wie eine ostasiatische Währungsunion dürften erst in fernerer Zukunft anstehen. Nordamerika und Europa tragen aber schon jetzt ein erhebliches Maß an Verantwortung dafür, welchen Weg die Regionalisierung in Asien nehmen wird. Den dortigen Neigungen, sich vom Multilateralismus abzuwenden, wäre durch schnelle Liberalisierungsfortschritte im Rahmen der WTO und durch stärkere Mitspracherechte der asiatischen Partner in den internationalen Finanzinstitutionen zu begegnen.

Suggested Citation

  • Diehl, Markus & Nunnenkamp, Peter, 2001. "Lehren aus der Asienkrise: wirtschaftspolitische Reaktionen und fortbestehende Reformdefizite," Kiel Discussion Papers 373, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:ifwkdp:373
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nunnenkamp, Peter, 2001. "Foreign direct investment in developing countries: What policymakers should not do and what economists don't know," Kiel Discussion Papers 380, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    2. Nunnenkamp, Peter, 2002. "IWF und Weltbank: trotz aller Mängel weiterhin gebraucht?," Kiel Discussion Papers 388, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    3. Kumkar, Lars, 2002. "The European Electricity Market: Centralization of Regulation or Competition between Regulatory Approaches?," Kiel Discussion Papers 387, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    4. Gern, Klaus-Jürgen & Kamps, Christophe & Scheide, Joachim, 2002. "Euroland: recovery is under way," Kiel Discussion Papers 385, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    5. Nunnenkamp, Peter, 2001. "Umbaupläne und Reparaturarbeiten an der internationalen Finanzarchitektur: eine Zwischenbilanz aus deutscher Perspektive," Kiel Working Papers 1078, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    6. Siebert, Horst, 2002. "The stalling engine in Wirtschaftswunder-Land: Germany's economic policy challenges," Kiel Discussion Papers 386, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    7. Stehn, Jürgen, 2002. "Leviathan in cyberspace: how to tax e-commerce," Kiel Discussion Papers 384, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    8. Nunnenkamp, Peter, 2007. "Internationale Finanzpolitik," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 4321, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    9. Siebert, Horst, 2001. "How the EU can move to a higher growth path: some considerations," Kiel Discussion Papers 383, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).

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