IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/118245.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

The Cointegration Relationship between Patent, Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in United States of America

Author

Listed:
  • Othmani, Abdelhafidh
  • Ben Yedder, Nadia
  • Bakari, Sayef

Abstract

This empirical paper searched the three way-linkage between patent, domestic investment, and economic growth in the case of USA during the period 1980 – 2020. By using cointegration analysis and VECM Model, we found that there is no causal relationship between the three variables in the long run. However, we found that domestic investment and economic growth cause patent in the short run. which explains why patents are not a source of economic growth and domestic investment in America and that there are other determinants that have stimulated American economic activity.

Suggested Citation

  • Othmani, Abdelhafidh & Ben Yedder, Nadia & Bakari, Sayef, 2023. "The Cointegration Relationship between Patent, Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in United States of America," MPRA Paper 118245, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:118245
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/118245/1/Submission%20paper_3.pdf
    File Function: original version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sayef Bakari & Mohamed Mabrouki & Asma Elmakki, 2018. "The Nexus Between Industrial Exports And Economic Growth In Tunisia: Empirical Analysis," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 3(2), pages 31-53, December.
    2. Shuai Shi & Ronald Wall & Kathy Pain, 2019. "Exploring the significance of domestic investment for foreign direct investment in China: A city-network approach," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 56(12), pages 2447-2464, September.
    3. Petra Moser, 2016. "Patents and Innovation in Economic History," NBER Working Papers 21964, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Bronwyn H. Hall & Grid Thoma & Salvatore Torrisi, 2006. "The market value of patents and R&D: Evidence from European firms," KITeS Working Papers 186, KITeS, Centre for Knowledge, Internationalization and Technology Studies, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy, revised Nov 2006.
    5. Bakari, Sayef, 2017. "The Impact of Olive Oil Exports on Economic Growth: Empirical Analysis from Tunisia," MPRA Paper 82812, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Oct 2017.
    6. Arora, Ashish & Ceccagnoli, Marco & Cohen, Wesley M., 2008. "R&D and the patent premium," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 26(5), pages 1153-1179, September.
    7. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/3om14ej4d58i6bjcohif0keeqs is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Galindo, Miguel-Ángel & Méndez, María Teresa, 2014. "Entrepreneurship, economic growth, and innovation: Are feedback effects at work?," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(5), pages 825-829.
    9. Bernard M. Hoekman & Keith E. Maskus & Kamal Saggi, 2023. "Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries: Unilateral and Multilateral Policy Options," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Kamal Saggi (ed.), Technology Transfer, Foreign Direct Investment, and the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Global Economy, chapter 5, pages 127-142, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    10. Nanda, Ramana & Rhodes-Kropf, Matthew, 2013. "Investment cycles and startup innovation," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 110(2), pages 403-418.
    11. Knut Blind & Florian Ramel & Charlotte Rochell, 2022. "The influence of standards and patents on long-term economic growth," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 47(4), pages 979-999, August.
    12. Sayef Bakaria, 2019. "If France Continues This Strategy, Taxes Will Destroy Domestic Investment And Economic Growth," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 4(1), pages 31-45, Mars.
    13. Ben Yedder, Nadia & El Weriemmi, Malek & Bakari, Sayef, 2023. "The nexus between domestic investment and economic growth in MENA countries; Do Patents matter?," MPRA Paper 118174, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Crescenzi, Riccardo & Gagliardi, Luisa & Iammarino, Simona, 2015. "Foreign multinationals and domestic innovation: Intra-industry effects and firm heterogeneity," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 596-609.
    15. Bakari, Sayef, 2022. "The Impact of Natural resources, CO2 Emission, Energy use, Domestic Investment, Innovation, Trade and Digitalization on Economic growth: Evidence from 52 African Countries," MPRA Paper 114323, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. K.G. Willis, 1985. "Estimating the Benefits of Job Creation from Local Investment Subsidies," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 22(2), pages 163-177, April.
    17. Manuel Agosin & Roberto Machado, 2005. "Foreign Investment in Developing Countries: Does it Crowd in Domestic Investment?," Oxford Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(2), pages 149-162.
    18. Xiaolan Fu & Rongping Mu, 2014. "Enhancing China's Innovation Performance: The Policy Choices," China & World Economy, Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 22(2), pages 42-60, March.
    19. Nissar Fakraoui & Sayef Bakari, 2019. "Tie Among Domestic Investment, Exports And Economic Growth: Empirical Analysis From India," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 4(1), pages 1-15, Mars.
    20. Maskus, Keith E. & Milani, Sahar & Neumann, Rebecca, 2019. "The impact of patent protection and financial development on industrial R&D," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 355-370.
    21. Ianchovichina, Elena & Estache, Antonio & Foucart, Renaud & Garsous, Grégoire & Yepes, Tito, 2013. "Job Creation through Infrastructure Investment in the Middle East and North Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 209-222.
    22. Someshwar Rao & Ashfaq Ahmad & William Horsman & Phaedra Kaptein-Russell, 2001. "The Importance of Innovation for Productivity," International Productivity Monitor, Centre for the Study of Living Standards, vol. 2, pages 11-18, Spring.
    23. Fu, Xiaolan & Yang, Qing Gong, 2009. "Exploring the cross-country gap in patenting: A Stochastic Frontier Approach," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(7), pages 1203-1213, September.
    24. Walter Galenson & Harvey Leibenstein, 1955. "Investment Criteria, Productivity, and Economic Development," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 69(3), pages 343-370.
    25. Sayef Bakari & Ali Ahmadi & Sofien Tiba, 2020. "The Nexus among Domestic Investment, Taxation, and Economic Growth in Germany: Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Model Analysis," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 5(1), pages 37-47, May.
    26. Nuruzzaman, N. & Singh, Deeksha & Pattnaik, Chinmay, 2019. "Competing to be innovative: Foreign competition and imitative innovation of emerging economy firms," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 28(5), pages 1-1.
    27. Black, Sandra E & Lynch, Lisa M, 1996. "Human-Capital Investments and Productivity," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 86(2), pages 263-267, May.
    28. Kais Mtar & Walid Belazreg, 2021. "Causal Nexus Between Innovation, Financial Development, and Economic Growth: the Case of OECD Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 12(1), pages 310-341, March.
    29. Mohamed Mabrouki, 2018. "Supporting economic growth through innovation: How does human capital influence the rate of growth?," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 38(2), pages 957-972.
    30. Bakari, Sayef, 2021. "The nexus between domestic investment and economic growth in G7 countries; Does internet matter?," MPRA Paper 108383, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    31. Mabrouki, Mohamed, 2019. "The Swedish economy is doing well thanks to innovation: an analysis from ARDL approach," MPRA Paper 102367, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    32. Sharma, Abhijit & Sousa, Cristina & Woodward, Richard, 2022. "Determinants of innovation outcomes: The role of institutional quality," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    33. Bakari, Sayef, 2022. "The Impact of Digitalization and Patent on Economic Growth in Romania," MPRA Paper 114259, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    34. Sayef Bakari, 2017. "The Impact of Vegetables Exports on Economic Growth in Tunisia," Economic Research Guardian, Weissberg Publishing, vol. 7(2), pages 72-87, December.
    35. Archibugi, Daniele & Iammarino, Simona, 1999. "The policy implications of the globalisation of innovation," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 28(2-3), pages 317-336, March.
    36. Pierre Mohnen & Bronwyn Hall, 2013. "Innovation and Productivity: An Update," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 3(1), pages 47-65, June.
    37. Pavitt, Keith, 1982. "R&D, patenting and innovative activities : A statistical exploration," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 11(1), pages 33-51, February.
    38. Sayef Bakari & Sofien Tiba & Nissar Fakraoui, 2019. "Does Domestic Investment Contribute To Economic Growth In Uruguay? What Did The Empirical Facts Say?," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 4(2), pages 53-69, September.
    39. Wang, Chengqi & Kafouros, Mario I., 2009. "What factors determine innovation performance in emerging economies? Evidence from China," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 18(6), pages 606-616, December.
    40. Nguyen, Canh Phuc & Doytch, Nadia, 2022. "The impact of ICT patents on economic growth: An international evidence," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(5).
    41. Bronwyn H. Hall, 2011. "Innovation and Productivity," NBER Working Papers 17178, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    42. Sayef BAKARI & Sofien TIBA & Mohamed MABROUKI, 2022. "An Exploratory Study of the Causality between Internet Use, Innovation, and Economic Growth in Tunisia: An indispensable Case Analysis," Journal of Economics and Financial Analysis, Tripal Publishing House, vol. 6(1), pages 1-18.
    43. Éric Heyer & Paul Hubert, 2016. "Trois questions autour de l’impact à court terme des variations du prix du pétrole sur la croissance française," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(3), pages 195-222.
    44. Bakari, Sayef & El Weriemmi, Malek & Mabrouki, Mohamed, 2022. "The Impact of Digitalization and Trade Openness on Economic Growth: New Evidence from Richest Asian Countries," MPRA Paper 113816, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    45. Sílvio Rendon, 2004. "Job Creation and Investment in Imperfect Capital and Labor Markets," Economic Working Papers at Centro de Estudios Andaluces E2004/35, Centro de Estudios Andaluces.
    46. Sakshi Malik, 2023. "Macroeconomic Determinants of Innovation: Evidence from Asian Countries," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 24(1), pages 137-151, February.
    47. Priit Vahter, 2011. "Does FDI Spur Productivity, Knowledge Sourcing and Innovation by Incumbent Firms? Evidence from Manufacturing Industry in Estonia," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(8), pages 1308-1326, August.
    48. Bakari, Sayef, 2019. "Innovation and Economic Growth: Does Internet Matter?," MPRA Paper 94851, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    49. Deng, Ping, 2007. "Investing for strategic resources and its rationale: The case of outward FDI from Chinese companies," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 71-81.
    50. Marc Lautier & Francois Moreaub, 2012. "Domestic Investment And Fdi In Developing Countries: The Missing Link," Journal of Economic Development, Chung-Ang Unviersity, Department of Economics, vol. 37(3), pages 1-23, September.
    51. Petra Moser, 2016. "Patents and Innovation in Economic History," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 8(1), pages 241-258, October.
    52. Sohag, Kazi & Begum, Rawshan Ara & Abdullah, Sharifah Mastura Syed & Jaafar, Mokhtar, 2015. "Dynamics of energy use, technological innovation, economic growth and trade openness in Malaysia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P2), pages 1497-1507.
    53. Bhaven N. Sampat, 2018. "A Survey of Empirical Evidence on Patents and Innovation," NBER Working Papers 25383, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    54. Bakari, Sayef, 2016. "Does Domestic Investment Produce Economic Growth in Canada: Empirical Analysis Based on Correlation, Cointegration and Causality," MPRA Paper 75966, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    55. Maresch, Daniela & Fink, Matthias & Harms, Rainer, 2016. "When patents matter: The impact of competition and patent age on the performance contribution of intellectual property rights protection," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 57, pages 14-20.
    56. Manuel Adelino & Song Ma & David Robinson, 2017. "Firm Age, Investment Opportunities, and Job Creation," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 72(3), pages 999-1038, June.
    57. Edwin Mansfield, 1986. "Patents and Innovation: An Empirical Study," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 32(2), pages 173-181, February.
    58. Mohnen, Pierre, 2019. "R&D, innovation and productivity," MERIT Working Papers 2019-016, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
    59. Sayef Bakari & Abdelhafidh Othmani & Mohamed Mabrouki, 2021. "Pollution And Economic Growth: A New Vision For The Tunisian Economy," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 6(2), pages 1-17, September.
    60. Ha, Van & Holmes, Mark J. & Tran, Tuyen Quang, 2022. "Does foreign investment crowd in domestic investment? Evidence from Vietnam," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 18-29.
    61. Lee, Jeong-Yeon & Mansfield, Edwin, 1996. "Intellectual Property Protection and U.S. Foreign Direct Investment," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 78(2), pages 181-186, May.
    62. Laura Power, 1998. "The Missing Link: Technology, Investment, And Productivity," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 80(2), pages 300-313, May.
    63. Bakari, Sayef & El Weriemmi, Malek, 2022. "Causality between Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in Arab Countries," MPRA Paper 113077, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    64. Hong, Jin & Feng, Bing & Wu, Yanrui & Wang, Liangbing, 2016. "Do government grants promote innovation efficiency in China's high-tech industries?," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 57, pages 4-13.
    65. Shahzad, Farrukh & Ahmad, Munir & Fareed, Zeeshan & Wang, Zhenkun, 2022. "Innovation decisions through firm life cycle: A new evidence from emerging markets," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 51-67.
    66. Gregory Tassey, 2004. "Policy Issues for R&D Investment in a Knowledge-Based Economy," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 29(2), pages 153-185, April.
    67. Bakari, Sayef, 2021. "Are Domestic Investments in Spain a Source of Economic Growth?," MPRA Paper 105526, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    68. Miozzo, Marcela & Dewick, Paul, 2002. "Building competitive advantage: innovation and corporate governance in European construction," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 989-1008, August.
    69. Yang, Chih-Hai, 2006. "Is innovation the story of Taiwan's economic growth?," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 17(5), pages 867-878, November.
    70. Li, Guangchen & Wei, Weixian, 2021. "Financial development, openness, innovation, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    71. Petra Moser, 2016. "Patents and Innovation in Economic History," Working Papers 16-06, New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, Department of Economics.
    72. Sayef Bakari, 2022. "On The Relationship Between Domestic Investment, Exports And Economic Growth: Evidence From Greece," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 7(3), pages 13-34, September.
    73. Petra Moser, 2013. "Patents and Innovation: Evidence from Economic History," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 27(1), pages 23-44, Winter.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Bakari, Sayef, 2024. "Assessing the Impact of Domestic Investments and CO2 Emissions on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comprehensive Study (1990-2022)," MPRA Paper 120370, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Ben Yedder, Nadia & El Weriemmi, Malek & Bakari, Sayef, 2023. "Boosting Economic Growth in Angola: Unveiling the Dynamics of Domestic Investments and Exports," MPRA Paper 119480, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Bakari, Sayef, 2024. "Unlocking Prosperity: Fresh Insights into Economic Growth Through Financial Development, Domestic Investment, and Corruption Trends in LAC Countries," MPRA Paper 120411, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ben Yedder, Nadia & El Weriemmi, Malek & Bakari, Sayef, 2023. "The nexus between domestic investment and economic growth in MENA countries; Do Patents matter?," MPRA Paper 118174, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Bakari, Sayef, 2022. "The Impact of Natural resources, CO2 Emission, Energy use, Domestic Investment, Innovation, Trade and Digitalization on Economic growth: Evidence from 52 African Countries," MPRA Paper 114323, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Bakari, Sayef, 2022. "The Nexus between Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in Developed Countries: Do Exports matter?," MPRA Paper 114394, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Ben Yedder, Nadia & El Weriemmi, Malek & Bakari, Sayef, 2023. "The Impact of Domestic Investment and Trade on Economic Growth in North Africa Countries: New Evidence from Panel CS-ARDL Model," MPRA Paper 117956, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Akermi, Najwa & Ben Yedder, Nadia & Bakari, Sayef, 2023. "Impact of Final Consumption, Domestic Investment, Exports, and Imports on Economic Growth in Albania," MPRA Paper 118308, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Bakari, Sayef, 2022. "Relationship among Domestic Investment, Exports and Economic Growth: Evidence form the Case of Greece," MPRA Paper 114418, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Ben Yedder, Nadia & El Weriemmi, Malek & Bakari, Sayef, 2023. "Boosting Economic Growth in Angola: Unveiling the Dynamics of Domestic Investments and Exports," MPRA Paper 119480, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Bakari, Sayef, 2022. "The Impact of Digitalization and Patent on Economic Growth in Romania," MPRA Paper 113951, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Bakari, Sayef & El Weriemmi, Malek, 2022. "Causality between Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in Arab Countries," MPRA Paper 113079, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Sayef Bakari & Sofien Tiba, 2022. "Agricultural Exports, Agricultural Imports And Economic Growth In China," Journal of Smart Economic Growth, , vol. 7(3), pages 35-61, September.
    11. Bakari, Sayef & El Weriemmi, Malek, 2022. "Exploring the Impact of Agricultural Investment on Economic Growth in France," MPRA Paper 113970, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Bakari, Sayef & El Weriemmi, Malek & Mabrouki, Mohamed, 2022. "The Impact of Digitalization and Trade Openness on Economic Growth: New Evidence from Richest Asian Countries," MPRA Paper 113816, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Bakari, Sayef, 2023. "The nexus between domestic investment and economic growth in MENA countries; Does unemployment matter?," MPRA Paper 118349, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Bakari, Sayef, 2024. "Unlocking Prosperity: Fresh Insights into Economic Growth Through Financial Development, Domestic Investment, and Corruption Trends in LAC Countries," MPRA Paper 120411, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Bakari, Sayef, 2021. "Do researchers affect economic growth?," MPRA Paper 108788, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Bakari, Sayef, 2024. "Assessing the Impact of Domestic Investments and CO2 Emissions on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comprehensive Study (1990-2022)," MPRA Paper 120370, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    17. Mkadmi, Jamel Eddine & Bakari, Sayef & Msai, Achwak, 2021. "Assessing the Impact of Tax Policies on Economic Growth in Tunisia: New Empirical and Policy Analysis," MPRA Paper 109023, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Najwa AKERMI & Nadia Ben YEDDER & Sayef BAKARI, 2024. "Impact of final consumption, domestic investment, exports, and imports on economic growth in Albania," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania - AGER, vol. 0(1(638), S), pages 231-252, Spring.
    19. Adamu Jibir & Hassan Zada & Musa Abdu & Naveed Khan, 2023. "Financial Development And Innovationled Economic Growth: Empirical Insight From Sub-Saharan Africa," Economic Annals, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Belgrade, vol. 68(237), pages 97-136, April – J.
    20. Sayef BAKARI & Sofien TIBA & Mohamed MABROUKI, 2022. "An Exploratory Study of the Causality between Internet Use, Innovation, and Economic Growth in Tunisia: An indispensable Case Analysis," Journal of Economics and Financial Analysis, Tripal Publishing House, vol. 6(1), pages 1-18.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Cointegration; Patent; Domestic Investment; Economic Growth; United States of America.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D23 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
    • E22 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity
    • G31 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
    • H54 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Infrastructures
    • I28 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Government Policy
    • O16 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance
    • O31 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
    • O32 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
    • O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
    • O51 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - U.S.; Canada

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:118245. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Joachim Winter (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/vfmunde.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.