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Are User Fees Regressive? The Welfare Implications of Health Care Financing Proposals in Peru

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Author Info
Paul J. Gertler
Luis Locay
Warren C. Sanderson
Abstract

In this paper, we derive a discrete choice model of the demand for medical care from a theoretical model that implies a natural interrelation between price and income. We show that, in the context of a discrete choice model, if health is a normal good, then the price elasticity of the demand for health care must decline as income rises. This implies that the models in previous discrete choice studies which restrict the price effect to be independent of income are misspecified. The model is estimated using data from a 1984 Peruvian survey, and a parsimonious flexible functional form. Unlike previous studies, we find that price plays a significant role in the demand for health care, and that demand becomes more elastic as income falls, implying that user fees would reduce the access to care for the poor proportionally more than for the rich. Our simulations show that user fees can generate substantial revenues, but are accompanied by substantial reductions in aggregate consumer welfare, with the burden of the loss on the poor. These results demonstrate that undiscriminating user fees would be regressive both in terms of access and welfare.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 2299.

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Date of creation: Jul 1987
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Publication status: published as Journal of Econometrics, Special Issue on Topics in Development Economics, .36, pp.67-88, 1987.
Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:2299

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  1. Alejandro Ramirez & Gustav Ranis, 1997. "Economic Growth and Human Development," Working Papers 787, Economic Growth Center, Yale University. [Downloadable!]
  2. Jaume Puig & Marc Sáez & Esther Martínez Garcia, 1998. "Health Care Provider Choice in the Case of Patient-Initiated Contacts. An Extended Version of Discrete Choice of Model Demand," Economics Working Papers 308, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. [Downloadable!]
  3. Mwabu, Germano, 1990. "Financing health services in Africa : an assessment of alternative approaches," Policy Research Working Paper Series 457, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  4. Harold Alderman, 1990. "Pobreza y Desnutrición, ¿Cuán Estrecha es la Relación?," Cuadernos de Economía (Latin American Journal of Economics), Instituto de Economía. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile., vol. 27(81), pages 151-166. [Downloadable!]
  5. Magnus Lindelow, 2004. "Understanding spatial variation in the utilization of health," Development and Comp Systems 0409058, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
  6. De Bartolome, C.A.M. & Vosti, S.A., 1992. "Economic Analysis of the Treatment of Malaria: A Case Study," Working Papers 92-14, C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, New York University. [Downloadable!]
  7. Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, 2007. "Budget Policy and Income Distribution," International Studies Program Working Paper Series, at AYSPS, GSU paper0707, International Studies Program, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University. [Downloadable!]
  8. Lindelow, Magnus, 2002. "Health care demand in rural Mozambique," FCND discussion papers 126, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). [Downloadable!]
  9. Somanathan, Aparnaa, 2008. "Use of modern medical care for pregnancy and childbirth care : does female schooling matter ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4625, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  10. Magnus Lindelow, 2004. "The Utilization of Curative Health Care in Mozambique: Does Income Matter?," Development and Comp Systems 0409057, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
  11. Menno Pradhan & Fadia Saadah & Robert Sparrow, 2003. "Did the Healthcard Program ensure Access to Medical Care for the Poor during Indonesia's Economic Crisis?," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 03-016/2, Tinbergen Institute. [Downloadable!]
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  12. H. Naci Mocan & Erdal Tekin & Jeffrey S. Zax, 2000. "The Demand for Medical Care in Urban China," NBER Working Papers 7673, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  13. Somanathan, Aparnaa, 2008. "The impact of price subsidies on child health care use : evaluation of the Indonesian healthcard," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4622, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  14. Vos, Rob, 2005. "Reaching the millennium development goal for child mortality : improving equity and efficiency in Ecuador's health budget," Working Papers - General Series 411, Institute of Social Studies. [Downloadable!]
  15. Jaume Puig & Marc Sáez & Esther Martínez Garcia, 1998. "Health Care Provider Choice in the Case of Patient-Initiated Contacts. An Extended Version of Discrete Choice of Model Demand," Working Papers, Research Center on Health and Economics 308, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. [Downloadable!]
  16. Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, 2001. "The Impact of Budgets on the Poor: Tax and Benefit," International Studies Program Working Paper Series, at AYSPS, GSU paper0110, International Studies Program, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University. [Downloadable!]
  17. Lindelow, Magnus, 2004. "Health care decisions as a family matter - intra-household education externalities and the utilization of health services," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3324, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  18. Randell P. Ellis & Germano M. Mwabu, 2004. "The Demand for Outpatient Medical Care in Rural Kenya," Boston University - Department of Economics - The Institute for Economic Development Working Papers Series dp-140, Boston University - Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
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  19. van de Walle, Dominique, 1995. "Public spending and the poor : what we know, what we need to know," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1476, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  20. Birdsall, Nancy & James, Estelle, 1990. "Efficiency and equity in social spending : how and why governments misbehave," Policy Research Working Paper Series 274, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  21. Bedi, A.S., 2003. "User charges and utilisation of health services in Kenya," Working Papers - General Series 381, Institute of Social Studies. [Downloadable!]
  22. van de Walle, Dominique, 1996. "Assessing the welfare impacts of public spending," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1670, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
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