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The Effect of Court-Ordered Hiring Quotas on the Composition and Quality of Police

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Author Info
Justin McCrary
Abstract

Arguably the most aggressive affirmative action program ever implemented in the United States was a series of court-ordered racial hiring quotas imposed on municipal police departments. My best estimate of the effect of court-ordered affirmative action on workforce composition is a 14 percentage point gain in the fraction African American among newly hired officers. Evidence on police performance is mixed. Despite substantial black-white test score differences on police department entrance examinations, city crime rates appear unaffected by litigation. However, litigation lowers slightly both arrests per crime and the fraction black among serious arrestees.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 12368.

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Date of creation: Jul 2006
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Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:12368

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
H4 - Public Economics - - Publicly Provided Goods
H7 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations
J1 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics
J4 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets
J7 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination
K3 - Law and Economics - - Other Substantive Areas of Law
K4 - Law and Economics - - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

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  1. William J. Carrington & Kristin McCue & Brooks Pierce, 1996. "Black/white wage convergence: The role of public sector wages and employment," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, ILR Review, ILR School, Cornell University, vol. 49(3), pages 456-471, April.
  2. Jonathan S. Leonard, 1983. "Anti-Discrimination or Reverse Discrimination: The Impact of Changing Demographics, Title VII and Affirmative Action on Productivity," NBER Working Papers 1240, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Rosen, Sherwin, 1969. "Trade Union Power, Threat Effects and the Extent of Organization," Review of Economic Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 36(106), pages 185-96, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. John J. Donohue III & James Heckman, 1991. "Continuous Versus Episodic Change: The Impact of Civil Rights Policy on the Economic Status of Blacks," NBER Working Papers 3894, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  5. Decker, Scott H. & Smith, Russell L., 1980. "Police minority recruitment: A note on its effectiveness in improving black evaluations of the police," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 8(6), pages 387-393. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Jacobson, Louis S & LaLonde, Robert J & Sullivan, Daniel G, 1993. "Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 83(4), pages 685-709, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  7. Donohue, John J, III & Levitt, Steven D, 2001. "The Impact of Race on Policing and Arrests," Journal of Law & Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 44(2), pages 367-94, October.
  8. James J. Heckman & Kenneth I. Wolpin, 1976. "Does the contract compliance program work? An analysis of Chicago data," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, ILR Review, ILR School, Cornell University, vol. 29(4), pages 544-564, July.
  9. Kate L. Antonovics & Brian G. Knight, 2004. "A New Look at Racial Profiling: Evidence from the Boston Police Department," NBER Working Papers 10634, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  10. Orley Ashenfelter & James J. Heckman, 1974. "Measuring the Effect of an Anti-Discrimination Program," NBER Working Papers 0050, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  11. Altonji, Joseph G. & Blank, Rebecca M., 1999. "Race and gender in the labor market," Handbook of Labor Economics, in: O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (ed.), Handbook of Labor Economics, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 48, pages 3143-3259 Elsevier. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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