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An Exploration into the Determinants of Research Intensity

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Author Info
Ariel Pakes
Mark Schankerman

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Abstract

This paper explores the economic factors which determine the variation of research effort across firms. The intra-industry coefficient of variation of research intensity is much larger than those of traditional factors. We show that this important fact is consistent with the theoretical argument that knowledge possesses unique economic characteristics, and that the demand for research depends both on the parameters of the production function for knowledge and on the ability of the firm to appropriate the benefits from the knowledge it produces. We propose and implement a framework for decomposing the observed intra-industry variance In research intensity into three components: demand inducement, a firm-specific structural parameter, and errors in the observed variables. The main empirical findings are that errors in the variables (especially research) are important, that very little of the structural variance in research intensity is accounted for by demand inducement, and that the bulk of the variance is related to differences in the firm-specific parameter. Both the theoretical and empirical analysis indicate that it is not reasonable to treat the demand for research in a manner analogous to the demand for traditional inputs, including capital. Substantially richer models are required to provide insight into the structure of incentives driving the demand for research.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 0438.

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Date of creation: Jan 1980
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Publication status: published relationship to a non-chapter. This should not happen. Please contact NBER.
Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:0438

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Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Zvi Griliches, 1958. "Research Costs and Social Returns: Hybrid Corn and Related Innovations," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 66, pages 419. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Kenneth Arrow, 1962. "Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention," NBER Chapters, in: The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, pages 609-626 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!]
  3. Jora R. Minasian, 1962. "The Economics of Research and Development," NBER Chapters, in: The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, pages 93-142 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!]
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Cited by:
(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Nadiri, M. Ishaq & Schankerman, Mark A., 1980. "Technical Change, Returns to Scale and the Productivity Slowdown," Working Papers 80-18, C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, New York University. [Downloadable!]
  2. Doraszelski, Ulrich & Jaumandreu, Jordi, 2006. "R&D and productivity: Estimating production functions when productivity is endogenous," MPRA Paper 1246, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  3. Ariel Pakes, 1985. "Patents, R and D, and the Stock Market Rate of Return," NBER Working Papers 0786, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Saripalle, Madhuri, 2006. "Learning across policy regimes: The impact of protection vis-à-vis competition in the Indian automotive industry," MPRA Paper 1701, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  5. Zvi Griliches & Tor Jakob Klette, 1999. "Empirical patterns of firm growth and R&D investment: a quality ladder model interpretation," IFS Working Papers W99/25, Institute for Fiscal Studies. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  6. Daron Acemoglu & Joshua Linn, 2004. "Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry," Levine's Working Paper Archive 228400000000000002, David K. Levine. [Downloadable!]
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  7. Mika Maliranta, 2002. "Factor Income Shares and Micro-Level Restructuring. An Analysis of Finnish Manufacturing," Discussion Papers 796, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy. [Downloadable!]
  8. L. Rachel Ngai & Roberto M. Samaniego, 2006. "An R&D-Based Model of Multi-Sector Growth," CEP Discussion Papers dp0762, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE. [Downloadable!]
  9. Gustavsson, Patrik & Poldahl, Andreas, 2003. "Determinants of Firm R&D: Evidence from Swedish Firm Level Data," Working Paper Series 190, Trade Union Institute for Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
  10. Rene Belderbos & Kyoji Fukao & Tomoko Iwasa, 2006. "Foreign and Domestic R&D Investment," Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series d05-140, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  11. Nadiri, M. Ishaq & Schankerman, Mark A., 1980. "Variable Cost Functions and the Rate of Return to Quasi-Fixed Factors: An Application to R&D in the Bell System," Working Papers 80-17, C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, New York University. [Downloadable!]
  12. Raa, M.H. ten & Gittleman, M. & Wolff, E.N., 2003. "The vintage effect in tfp-growth: an analysis of the age structure of capital," Discussion Paper 109, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
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  13. William Griffiths & Elizabeth Webster, 2009. "What Governs Firm-Level R&D: Internal or External Factors?," Melbourne Institute Working Paper Series wp2009n13, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, The University of Melbourne. [Downloadable!]
  14. Frederico Rocha & Ana Urraca Ruiz & Bruno Campos, 2006. "Measuring Technological Opportunity: The Brazilian Case," Anais do XXXIV Encontro Nacional de Economia [Proceedings of the 34th Brazilian Economics Meeting] 7, ANPEC - Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pósgraduação em Economia [Brazilian Association of Graduate Programs in Economics]. [Downloadable!]
  15. Mika Maliranta, 2002. "From R&D to Productivity Through Micro-Level Restructuring," Discussion Papers 795, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy. [Downloadable!]
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