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The Origins of Intergenerational Associations: Lessons from Swedish Adoption Data

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Author Info
Anders Björklund () (SOFI, Stockholm University and IZA Bonn)
Mikael Lindahl () (SOFI, Stockholm University and IZA Bonn)
Erik Plug () (University of Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute and IZA Bonn)

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Abstract

We use unique Swedish data to estimate intergenerational associations between adoptees and their biological and adoptive parents. We argue that the impact from biological parents captures broad pre-birth factors, including genes and prenatal environment, and the impact from adoptive parents represents broad post-birth factors, such as childhood environment, for the intergenerational association in education and income. We find that both pre- and post-birth factors contribute to intergenerational transmissions, and that pre-birth factors are more important for mother’s education and less important for father’s income. We also find some evidence for a positive interaction effect between post-birth environment and pre-birth factors.

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Publisher Info
Paper provided by Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in its series IZA Discussion Papers with number 1739.

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Length: 39 pages
Date of creation: Sep 2005
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:iza:izadps:dp1739

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Related research
Keywords: intergenerational mobility; nature and nurture; income; education; adoption data;

Other versions of this item:

Find related papers by JEL classification:
I20 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - General
J30 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - General
J62 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies - - - Job, Occupational and Intergenerational Mobility; Promotion

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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Erik Plug, 2004. "Estimating the Effect of Mother's Schooling on Children's Schooling Using a Sample of Adoptees," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(1), pages 358-368, March. [Downloadable!]
  2. Bjorklund, Anders & Jantti, Markus, 1997. "Intergenerational Income Mobility in Sweden Compared to the United States," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 87(5), pages 1009-18, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Das, Mitali & Sjogren, Tanja, 2002. "The inter-generational link in income mobility: evidence from adoptions," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 75(1), pages 55-60, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Steven Haider & Gary Solon, 2006. "Life-Cycle Variation in the Association between Current and Lifetime Earnings," NBER Working Papers 11943, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  5. Jere R. Behrman & Mark R. Rosenzweig, 2002. "Does Increasing Women's Schooling Raise the Schooling of the Next Generation?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 92(1), pages 323-334, March. [Downloadable!]
  6. Flavio Cunha & James J. Heckman & Lance Lochner & Dimitriy V. Masterov, 2005. "Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill Formation," NBER Working Papers 11331, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  7. Solon, Gary, 1992. "Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 82(3), pages 393-408, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Björklund, Anders & Lindahl, Mikael & Plug, Erik, 2004. "Intergenerational Effects in Sweden: What Can We Learn from Adoption Data?," IZA Discussion Papers 1194, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  9. Dr. Peter Kenning & Hilke Plassmann, 2004. "NeuroEconomics," Experimental 0412005, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
  10. Case, Anne & Lin, I-Fen & McLanahan, Sara, 2000. "How Hungry Is the Selfish Gene?," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 110(466), pages 781-804, October. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  11. Bjorklund, Anders & Chadwick, Laura, 2003. "Intergenerational income mobility in permanent and separated families," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 80(2), pages 239-246, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
Full references

Cited by:
(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Tuomas Pekkarinen & Roope Uusitalo & Sari Pekkala, 2006. "Education Policy and Intergenerational Income Mobility: Evidence from the Finnish Comprehensive School Reform," IZA Discussion Papers 2204, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  2. Stephen Machin, 2008. "The new economics of education: methods, evidence and policy," Journal of Population Economics, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 1-19, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. repec:bep:eapadv:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:1753-1753 is not listed on IDEAS
  4. Jeffrey S. DeSimone, 2008. "The Impact of Employment during School on College Student Academic Performance," NBER Working Papers 14006, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Haoming Liu & Jinli Zeng, 2009. "Genetic ability and intergenerational earnings mobility," Journal of Population Economics, Springer, vol. 22(1), pages 75-95, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. repec:ese:iserwp: is not listed on IDEAS
  7. Checchi, Daniele & Fiorio, Carlo V. & Leonardi, Marco, 2008. "Intergenerational Persistence in Educational Attainment in Italy," IZA Discussion Papers 3622, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  8. Chiara Pronzato, 2008. "Why Educated Mothers don’t Make Educated Children? A Statistical Study in the Intergenerational Transmission of Schooling," CHILD Working Papers wp08_08, CHILD - Centre for Household, Income, Labour and Demographic economics - ITALY. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  9. Alessandro Lizzeri & Marciano Siniscalchi, 2006. "Parental Guidance and Supervised Learning," Discussion Papers 1432, Northwestern University, Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics and Management Science. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  10. Dohmen, Thomas J & Falk, Armin & Huffman, David & Sunde, Uwe, 2007. "Are Risk Aversion and Impatience Related to Cognitive Ability?," CEPR Discussion Papers 6398, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  11. Sarah Brown & Steve McIntosh & Karl Taylor, 2007. "FOLLOWING IN YOUR PARENTS’ FOOTSTEPS? Empirical Analysis of Matched Parent-Offspring Test Scores," Working Papers 2007017, The University of Sheffield, Department of Economics, revised Dec 2007. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  12. Björklund, Anders, 2006. "Family Background and Outcomes Later in Life: A (Partial and Personal) Survey of Recent Research Using Swedish Register Data," Working Paper Series 4/2007, Swedish Institute for Social Research. [Downloadable!]
  13. Monique de Haan & Erik Plug, 2006. "Estimates of the Effect of Parents’ Schooling on Children’s Schooling Using Censored and Uncensored Samples," IZA Discussion Papers 2416, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  14. Liu, Qian & Nordström Skans, Oskar, 2009. "The Duration of Paid Parental Leave and Children's Scholastic Performance," IZA Discussion Papers 4244, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  15. Anders Bjorklund & Markus Jantti & Gary Solon, 2007. "Nature and Nurture in the Intergenerational Transmission of Socioeconomic Status: Evidence from Swedish Children and Their Biological and Rearing Parents," NBER Working Papers 12985, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  16. Michael Beenstock, 2008. "Deconstructing the Sibling Correlation: How Families Increase Inequality," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 29(3), pages 325-345, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  17. Francis Vella & Lídia Farré & Roger Klein, 2009. "Does increasing parents' schooling raise the schooling of the next generation? Evidence based on conditional second moments," Working Papers. Serie AD 2009-11, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  18. Monique de Haan, 2008. "The Effect of Parents' Schooling on Child's Schooling: A Nonparametric Bounds Analysis," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 08-061/3, Tinbergen Institute. [Downloadable!]
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