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Comparative Advantage or Economic Policy? Stylized Facts and Reflections on Brazil’s insertion in the world economy – 1994-2005

Author

Listed:
  • Armando Castelar Pinheiro
  • Regis Bonelli

Abstract

This paper analyzes export performance in Brazil, discussing the roles played by export diversification, productivity enhancements, policy, and natural resource endowments. First, we provide a brief account of Brazil’s recent export performance and analyze changes in the competitiveness of Brazilian exports in a long-term perspective. This is done by evaluating actual sector export patterns vis-à-vis the rest of the world in an attempt to grasp a broad picture of comparative export behavior. We proceed to evaluate changes in exports competitiveness as described by shifts in the country’s revealed export behavior compared to the rest of the world, for which we rely on a traditional Constant-Market-Share (CMS) decomposition and on an extension of Hummels and Klenow’s approach. Next, we analyze agricultural exports, a discussion followed by an evaluation of the role of trade policy, and in particular export promotion instruments and institutions. Among the conclusions we highlight that there are several commonalities between the present and previous export booms, in the sense that: a) it reinforced the country’s diversified trade relations, with additional exports concentrated in non-traditional markets such as China, Russia, Africa, and South and Central American, non-Mercosur member countries; b) it did not change the relative share of manufactures in Brazil’s export basket, despite the excellent performance of agro-based exports since the early 1990s; and c) both agricultural and manufacture exports have experienced an increasing product diversification. Yet, innovations, defined as new goods entering the export basket, were relatively unimportant, except for some specific markets. O trabalho em epígrafe analisa a performance exportadora brasileira, com foco em uma discussão dos papéis desempenhados pela diversificação das exportações, pelos ganhos de produtividade, pela política econômica e pela dotação de recursos naturais. Isso é feito em várias etapas, começando por uma avaliação comparada dos padrões de crescimento das exportações. Em seguida, analisamos as mudanças na competitividade das exportações conforme reveladas pelo desempenho exportador em relação ao resto do mundo, de acordo com duas abordagens: a primeira é uma análise do tipo Constant- Market-Share (CMS); a segunda, uma extensão da metodologia desenvolvida por Hummels e Klenow. O trabalho se encerra com uma análise das exportações agrícolas na qual discutimos os papéis da política econômica, especialmente dos instrumentos de promoção e das instituições voltadas para o comércio exterior. Entre as conclusões, destacamos a existência de fatores comuns ao atual boom exportador e a expansões anteriores, no sentido de que: a) durante o boom atual o Brasil tem reforçado sua postura de global trader, mas com as exportações adicionais concentrando-se em mercados não tradicionais como China, Rússia, África e países da América do Sul fora do Mercosul e da América Central; b) a participação relativa das manufaturas na cesta exportadora não variou muito, apesar do excelente desempenho das exportações do agribusiness desde o começo dos anos 1990; e c) tanto as exportações industriais quanto as agrícolas experimentaram uma crescente diversificação. No entanto, as inovações, definidas como a introdução de novos produtos na pauta, foram relativamente pouco importantes, exceto em mercados específicos.

Suggested Citation

  • Armando Castelar Pinheiro & Regis Bonelli, 2015. "Comparative Advantage or Economic Policy? Stylized Facts and Reflections on Brazil’s insertion in the world economy – 1994-2005," Discussion Papers 0180, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:0180
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jonathan Eaton & Samuel Kortum & Francis Kramarz, 2004. "Dissecting Trade: Firms, Industries, and Export Destinations," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(2), pages 150-154, May.
    2. Victor Gomes & Roberto Ellery Jr, 2005. "Perfil das Exportações, Produtividade e Tamanho das Firmas no Brasil," Discussion Papers 1087, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
    3. Armando Castelar Pinheiro & Regis Bonelli & Ben Ross Schneider, 2004. "Pragmatic Policy in Brazil : the political economy of incomplete market reform," Discussion Papers 1035, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
    4. Krueger, Anne O, 1978. "Alternative Trade Strategies and Employment in LDCs," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 68(2), pages 270-274, May.
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    6. David Hummels & Peter J. Klenow, 2005. "The Variety and Quality of a Nation's Exports," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 95(3), pages 704-723, June.
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