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Tying in evolving industries, when future entry cannot be deterred

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  • Chiara Fumagalli
  • Massimo Motta

Abstract

We show that the incentive to engage in exclusionary tying (of two complementary products) may arise even when tying cannot be used as a defensive strategy to protect the incumbent's dominant position in the primary market. By engaging in tying, an incumbent firm sacrifices current profits but can exclude a more efficient rival from a complementary market by depriving it of the critical scale it needs to be successful. In turn, exclusion in the complementary market allows the incumbent to be in a favorable position when a more efficient rival will enter the primary market, and to appropriate some of the rival's efficiency rents. The paper also shows that tying is a more profitable exclusionary strategy than pure bundling, and that exclusion is the less likely the higher the proportion of consumers who multi-home. Keywords:Inefficient foreclosure, Tying, Scale economies, Network Externalities. JEL Codes: K21, L41

Suggested Citation

  • Chiara Fumagalli & Massimo Motta, 2019. "Tying in evolving industries, when future entry cannot be deterred," Working Papers 654, IGIER (Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research), Bocconi University.
  • Handle: RePEc:igi:igierp:654
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Choi, Jay Pil & Stefanadis, Christodoulos, 2001. "Tying, Investment, and the Dynamic Leverage Theory," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 32(1), pages 52-71, Spring.
    2. Dennis W. Carlton & Michael Waldman, 2002. "The Strategic Use of Tying to Preserve and Create Market Power in Evolving Industries," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 33(2), pages 194-220, Summer.
    3. Dennis W. Carlton & Michael Waldman, 2012. "Upgrades, Switching Costs and the Leverage Theory of Tying," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 122(561), pages 675-706, June.
    4. Chiara Fumagalli & Massimo Motta, 2020. "Dynamic Vertical Foreclosure," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 63(4), pages 763-812.
    5. Aghion, Philippe & Bolton, Patrick, 1987. "Contracts as a Barrier to Entry," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 77(3), pages 388-401, June.
    6. Fumagalli,Chiara & Motta,Massimo & Calcagno,Claudio, 2018. "Exclusionary Practices," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9781107608962.
    7. Jay Pil Choi, 1996. "Preemptive R&D, Rent Dissipation, and the "Leverage Theory"," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 111(4), pages 1153-1181.
    8. Katz, Michael L & Shapiro, Carl, 1986. "Technology Adoption in the Presence of Network Externalities," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 94(4), pages 822-841, August.
    9. Whinston, Michael D, 1990. "Tying, Foreclosure, and Exclusion," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 80(4), pages 837-859, September.
    10. Fumagalli,Chiara & Motta,Massimo & Calcagno,Claudio, 2018. "Exclusionary Practices," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9781107017382.
    11. Jay Pil Choi & Christodoulos Stefanadis, 2006. "Bundling, Entry Deterrence, and Specialist Innovators," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 79(5), pages 2575-2594, September.
    12. Greenlee, Patrick & Reitman, David & Sibley, David S., 2008. "An antitrust analysis of bundled loyalty discounts," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 26(5), pages 1132-1152, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Motta, Massimo & Peitz, Martin, 2021. "Big tech mergers," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    2. Martin Peitz, 2024. "The Economic Theory of Two-Sided Platforms," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series crctr224_2024_584, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany.
    3. Martin Peitz, 2023. "Governance and Regulation of Platforms," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series crctr224_2023_480, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    inefficient foreclosure; tying; scale economies; network externalities. jel codes: k21; l41;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • K21 - Law and Economics - - Regulation and Business Law - - - Antitrust Law
    • L41 - Industrial Organization - - Antitrust Issues and Policies - - - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices

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