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Working Time as an Investment?: The Effects of Unpaid Overtime on Wages, Promotions, and Layoffs

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Silke Anger

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Abstract

Whereas the number of paid overtime hours declined over the last two decades in Germany, a different trend can be observed for unpaid overtime. We analyze future consequences of unpaid work with respect to a worker's career advancement, such as higher future wages and probabilities of promotion or job retention, which might help to explain why an increasing fraction of employees are working extra hours for free. Data from the SOEP for the years 1993 to 2004 are used to examine whether working a higher number of unpaid extra hours involves a higher probability of promotion and excess earnings growth, and a lower probability of layoff in subsequent years. The pooled, random effects, and fixed effects logit estimates reveal limited evidence for the investment character of unpaid overtime hours with respect to future wage growth and promotions. Moreover, unpaid extra hours do not help to prevent future layoffs, except for East German women. For West German men, unpaid overtime hours are positively associated with the risk of future dismissal.

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Paper provided by DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research in its series Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin with number 535.

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Length: 42 p.
Date of creation: 2005
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Handle: RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp535

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Related research
Keywords: Unpaid overtime; Promotion; Wage growth; Layoff; Labor supply;

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
J33 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
J41 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets - - - Labor Contracts

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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Bauer, Thomas & Zimmermann, Klaus F., 1999. "Overtime Work and Overtime Compensation in Germany," IZA Discussion Papers 48, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  2. Markus Pannenberg, 2005. "Long-Term Effects Of Unpaid Overtime," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 52(2), pages 177-193, 05. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Booth, Alison L. & Francesconi, Marco & Frank, Jeff, 2003. "A sticky floors model of promotion, pay, and gender," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(2), pages 295-322, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Akerlof, George A, 1984. "Gift Exchange and Efficiency-Wage Theory: Four Views," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 74(2), pages 79-83, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Bell, D. & Hart, R.A., 1998. "Unpaid Work," Working Papers Series 9803, University of Stirling, Department of Economics.
    Other versions:
    • Bell, David N F & Hart, Robert A, 1999. "Unpaid Work," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 66(262), pages 271-90, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Michael Waldman, 1984. "Job Assignments, Signalling, and Efficiency," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 15(2), pages 255-267, Summer. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  7. Silke Anger, 2005. "Unpaid Overtime in Germany: Differences between East and West," Schmollers Jahrbuch : Journal of Applied Social Science Studies / Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, vol. 125(1), pages 17-27.
  8. Bell, Linda A. & Freeman, Richard B., 2001. "The incentive for working hard: explaining hours worked differences in the US and Germany," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(2), pages 181-202, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  9. Lazear, Edward P, 1979. "Why Is There Mandatory Retirement?," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 87(6), pages 1261-84, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Bell, David N. F. & Hart, Robert A. & Hübler, Olaf & Schwerdt, Wolfgang, 2000. "Paid and Unpaid Overtime Working in Germany and the UK," IZA Discussion Papers 133, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  11. Spence, A Michael, 1973. "Job Market Signaling," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 87(3), pages 355-74, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Landers, Renee M & Rebitzer, James B & Taylor, Lowell J, 1996. "Rat Race Redux: Adverse Selection in the Determination of Work Hours in Law Firms," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 86(3), pages 329-48, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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Cited by:
(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Markus Fischer & Markus Reiss, 2005. "Discretisation of Stochastic Control Problems for Continuous Time Dynamics with Delay," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2005-038, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, revised Dec 2005. [Downloadable!]
  2. Sjögren Lindquist, Gabriella, 2006. "Tournaments and Unfair Treatment," Working Paper Series 8/2006, Swedish Institute for Social Research. [Downloadable!]
  3. Anja Schöttner, 2005. "Relational Contracts and Job Design," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2005-052, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  4. Markus Krätzig, 2005. "A Software Framework for Data Based Analysis," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2005-044, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  5. Benjamin Bental & Dominique Demougin, 2005. "Do Factor Shares Reflect Technology?," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2005-050, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. [Downloadable!]
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  6. Yasemin Boztug & Lutz Hildebrandt, 2005. "An empirical test of theories of price valuation using a semiparametric approach, reference prices, and accounting for heterogeneity," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2005-057, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  7. Christian Weiner, 2005. "The Impact of Industry Classification Schemes on Financial Research," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2005-062, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  8. Astrid Matthey, 2005. "Getting Used to Risks: Reference Dependence and Risk Inclusion," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2005-036, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  9. Wolfgang Härdle & Sigbert Klinke & Uwe Ziegenhagen, 2005. "Integrable e-lements for Statistics Education," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2005-058, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  10. Imen Bentahar & Bruno Bouchard, 2005. "Explicit characterization of the super-replication strategy in financial markets with partial transaction costs," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2005-053, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  11. Anja Schöttner, 2005. "Fixed-Prize Tournaments versus First-Price Auctions in Innovation Contests," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2005-041, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. [Downloadable!]
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