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Why Are People Honest? Internal and External Motivations to Report Honestly†

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  • Pamela R. Murphy
  • Michael Wynes
  • Till‐Arne Hahn
  • Patricia G. Devine

Abstract

We create and validate measures capturing internal and external motivations to report honestly as trait‐like characteristics. Both measures have high levels of reliability, as well as convergent and divergent validity. To test their predictive validity, we conduct two experiments. In the first experiment, MTurk participants have the opportunity and incentive to misreport with no immediate consequences, and in the second experiment, participants with management experience report how they would make a hypothetical accounting allocation decision. In both experiments, we find that participants who are higher in internal motivations to report honestly are more likely to report honestly than those lower in internal motivations, confirming this measure's predictive validity. Both experiments also provide limited support for the predictive validity of our external measure, finding that those who are higher in external motivation do not report differently than those who are lower in external motivations in the absence of controls. Our study also reveals that individuals who are higher in internal motivations have a diminished reaction to different management controls: MTurk participants to a control that punishes misreporting, and manager participants to a control that rewards honest reporting. Results suggest that management and those charged with governance should consider that some employees can react negatively to controls that are perceived as constraining. Our measures are useful to researchers who investigate honest reporting by allowing them to identify, ex ante, individuals who want to be honest versus wanting to appear honest. Pourquoi les gens sont‐ils honnêtes? Motivations intrinsèques et extrinsèques à communiquer honnêtement l'information Les auteurs créent et valident des indicateurs permettant de saisir les motivations intrinsèques et extrinsèques, assimilables à des traits de caractère, à communiquer honnêtement l'information. Les deux types d'indicateurs affichent des taux élevés de fiabilité, ainsi qu'une validité convergente et divergente. Afin de tester la validité prédictive de ces indicateurs, les auteurs procèdent à deux expériences. Dans la première, des participants travailleurs du service MTurk ont l'occasion de communiquer de l'information inexacte et sont incités à le faire, sans conséquences immédiates. Dans la seconde, des participants expérimentés en gestion font état de la façon dont ils prendraient une décision de répartition comptable hypothétique. Dans l'une comme dans l'autre de ces expériences, les auteurs constatent que les participants dont les motivations intrinsèques à communiquer honnêtement l'information sont plus élevées sont davantage susceptibles de le faire que les participants dont les motivations intrinsèques sont plus faibles, ce qui confirme la validité prédictive de cet indicateur. Par ailleurs, les deux expériences appuient modérément la validité prédictive de leur indicateur extrinsèque, démontrant que les participants dont les motivations extrinsèques sont plus élevées ne communiqueront pas l'information de façon différente de ceux dont les motivations extrinsèques sont plus faibles, en l'absence de contrôles. L'étude révèle également que les participants dont les motivations intrinsèques sont plus élevées ont une réaction moins marquée aux différents contrôles de gestion : les participants du service MTurk exposés à un contrôle en vertu duquel la communication d'information inexacte est sanctionnée, et les participants gestionnaires exposés à un contrôle en vertu duquel l'honnêteté dans la communication de l'information est récompensée. Les résultats laissent croire que les dirigeants et les personnes à qui incombe la gouvernance devraient tenir compte du fait que certains employés peuvent réagir négativement aux contrôles perçus comme étant contraignants. Les indicateurs proposés par les auteurs seront utiles aux chercheurs qui s'intéressent à l'honnêteté dans la communication de l'information, en leur permettant de distinguer, ex ante, les personnes qui désirent être honnêtes de celles qui souhaitent paraître honnêtes.

Suggested Citation

  • Pamela R. Murphy & Michael Wynes & Till‐Arne Hahn & Patricia G. Devine, 2020. "Why Are People Honest? Internal and External Motivations to Report Honestly†," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(2), pages 945-981, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:37:y:2020:i:2:p:945-981
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12543
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    2. Gibson, Rajna & Sohn, Matthias & Tanner, Carmen & Wagner, Alexander F., 2021. "Earnings Management and Managerial Honesty: The Investors' Perspectives," LawFin Working Paper Series 7, Goethe University, Center for Advanced Studies on the Foundations of Law and Finance (LawFin).
    3. Joseph A. Johnson & Patrick R. Martin & Bryan Stikeleather & Donald Young, 2022. "Investigating the Interactive Effects of Prosocial Actions, Construal, and Moral Identity on the Extent of Employee Reporting Dishonesty," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 181(3), pages 721-743, December.

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