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Distance à la frontière technologique, rigidités de marché, éducation et croissance

Author

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  • Philippe Aghion
  • Philippe Askenazy
  • Renaud Bourlès
  • Gilbert Cette
  • Nicolas Dromel

Abstract

[ger] Diese Studie knüpft an die jüngste Fachliteratur über die Wachstumsdeterminanten entsprechend dem technologischen Stand der Länder an. Neben den Auswirkungen der Bildung und der Regulierung der Güter-und Arbeitsmärkte untersucht sie auch eine mögliche Wechselwirkung zwischen diesen Regulierungen. Herangezogen werden Daten über 17 OECD-Länder aus dem Zeitraum 1985-2003. Aufgezeigt werden vor allem die Merkmale der Auswirkungen des Ausbildungsniveaus der Bevölkerung im erwerbstätigen Alter und der Rigidität der Güter-und Arbeitsmärkte auf die Steigerung der Gesamtproduktivität der Faktoren. Für die Länder in der Nähe der technologischen Grenze wären diese Effekte überaus bedeutend. Eine Wechselwirkung zwischen den Rigidität der beiden Märkte ist deutlich erkennbar. Die starken Auswirkungen des Niveaus der Hochschulbildung und der Marktrigiditäten auf die Steigerung der Gesamtproduktivität der Faktoren scheinen auf einen unmittelbaren Einfluss und einen mittelbaren Einfluss durch die Verbreitung der IKT zurückzuführen zu sein. Was die Gütermärkte anbelangt, so haben die Komponenten "Eintrittsbarrieren“, "Marktstruktur“ und "Grad der vertikalen Integration“ einen großen Einfluss zu haben. Bei den von der technologischen Grenze weit entfernten Ländern ist den Ergebnissen der Schätzungen zu entnehmen, dass das Niveau der Hochschulbildung der Bevölkerung im erwerbstätigen Alter und die Rigidität der Güter-und Arbeitsmärkte nicht unbedingt einen starken Einfluss auf die Steigerung der Gesamtproduktivität der Faktoren haben. Diese Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, wie wichtig eine Steigerung der Produktivität und somit des potenziellen Wachstums ist, die eine Politik zur Anhebung des Bildungsniveaus der Bevölkerung im erwerbstätigen Alter und zur gleichzeitigen Reduzierung der Rigidität der Güter-und Arbeitsmärkte in manchen Industrieländern, vor allem in Europa -darunter auch Frankreich, bewirken kann. [spa] El presente estudio se inscribe en la reciente literatura sobre los determinantes del crecimiento según la posición tecnológica de los países. Además de los efectos respectivos de la educación y las regulaciones en los mercados de los bienes y trabajo, explora también una posible interacción entre esas regulaciones. Se han reunido datos de 17 países de la OCDE durante el período 1985-2003. Los principales resultados originales obtenidos son la caracterización de los efectos del nivel de formación de la población en edad de trabajar y las rigideces de los mercados de los bienes y trabajo sobre el crecimiento de la productividad global de los factores (PGF). Para los países próximos a la frontera tecnológica, estos efectos serían muy significativos. Destaca claramente una interacción entre las rigideces que se ejercen en ambos mercados. El fuerte impacto del nivel de educación superior y de las rigideces sobre el crecimiento de la PGF parece traducir al mismo tiempo una influencia directa y un efecto que se refleja indirectamente por la difusión de las TIC. Por último, en relación con el mercado de bienes, los componentes «barreras a la entrada», «estructura del mercado» y «grado de integración vertical» parecen tener una notable influencia. Para los países alejados de la frontera tecnológica, los resultados de las estimaciones indican que el nivel de formación superior de la población en edad de trabajar y las rigideces en los mercados de bienes y trabajo no tienen necesariamente una influencia significativa en el crecimiento de la PGF. Estos resultados destacan la importancia de los incrementos del crecimiento de la productividad y, por tanto, del crecimiento potencial que algunos países industrializados, principalmente europeos, como Francia, podrían esperar de la puesta en marcha de políticas destinadas a elevar el nivel de formación de la mano de obra en edad de trabajar y reducir simultáneamente las rigideces en los mercados de los bienes y trabajo. [eng] This study ties in with recent literature on how a country’s growth determinants are shaped by its technological position. In addition to the effects of education and regulations on the goods market and labour market, we also explore potential interaction between these regulations. We use data on 17 OECD countries for the period 1985-2003. Our main novel findings are the characterization of the effects of (1) the education level of the working-age population and (2) rigidities in the goods market and labour market on total factor productivity (TFP) growth. For countries close to the technological frontier, the effects seem very significant. An interaction between the rigidities in the two markets is clearly visible. The strong impact of higher-education level and rigidities on TFP growth appears to reflect a direct influence and an indirect effect via the diffusion of ICTs. In the goods market, the "entry barriers”, "market structure”, and "degree of vertical integration” seem to have a major influence. For countries far from the technological frontier, our estimates show that the higher-education level of the working-age population and rigidities in the goods market and labour market do not necessarily have a significant impact on TFP growth. These results underscore the importance of gains in productivity growth, and therefore in potential GDP growth, that some industrialized countries— mainly in Europe, including France— could expect from policies aimed at raising the education level of the working-age population and at reducing rigidities in the goods market and labour market. [fre] La présente étude s’inscrit dans la littérature récente sur les déterminants de la croissance selon la position technologique des pays. Outre les effets respectifs de l’éducation et des régulations sur les marchés des biens et du travail, elle explore aussi une possible interaction entre ces régulations. Des données portant sur 17 pays de l’OCDE sont mobilisées sur la période 1985-2003. Les principaux résultats originaux obtenus sont la caractérisation des effets du niveau de formation de la population en âge de travailler et des rigidités sur les marchés des biens et du travail sur la croissance de la productivité globale des facteurs (PGF). Pour les pays proches de la frontière technologique, ces effets seraient très significatifs. Une interaction entre les rigidités s’exerçant sur les deux marchés ressort nettement. Le fort impact du niveau d’éducation supérieure et des rigidités sur la croissance de la PGF semble traduire à la fois une influence directe et un effet transitant indirectement par la diffusion des TIC. Enfin, concernant le marché des biens, les composantes «barrières à l’entrée», «structure du marché» et «degré d’intégration verticale» paraissent avoir une influence importante. Pour les pays éloignés de la frontière technologique, les résultats des estimations indiquent que le niveau de formation supérieure de la population en âge de travailler et les rigidités sur les marchés des biens et du travail n’ont pas nécessairement une influence significative sur la croissance de la PGF. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance des gains de croissance de la productivité, et donc de croissance potentielle, que certains pays industrialisés, principalement européens dont la France, pourraient attendre de la mise en oeuvre de politiques visant à élever le niveau de formation de la main-d’oeuvre en âge de travailler et à réduire simultanément les rigidités sur les marchés des biens et du travail.

Suggested Citation

  • Philippe Aghion & Philippe Askenazy & Renaud Bourlès & Gilbert Cette & Nicolas Dromel, 2008. "Distance à la frontière technologique, rigidités de marché, éducation et croissance," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 419(1), pages 11-30.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2008_num_419_1_7725
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2008.7725
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2008.7725
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    1. Christophe Cahn & Arthur Saint-Guilhem, 2010. "Potential output growth in several industrialised countries a comparison," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 39(1), pages 139-165, August.
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    3. Gilbert Cette & Jimmy Lopez, 2012. "ICT demand behaviour: an international comparison," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(4), pages 397-410, June.
    4. Gilbert Cette, 2014. "Does ICT Remain a Powerful Engine of Growth," Post-Print hal-01463929, HAL.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • J68 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Public Policy
    • L40 - Industrial Organization - - Antitrust Issues and Policies - - - General
    • O57 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Comparative Studies of Countries

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