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Pénibilité au travail et santé des seniors en Europe

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  • Thierry Debrand
  • Pascale Lengagne

Abstract

[eng] Working conditions in developed countries have changed considerably in recent decades. This change has gone hand in hand with the development of new forms of labour organisation which can be sources of stress and health risks. Against a background of ageing populations, these problems are particularly worrying, in terms of health, employment and fi nancing retirement. This study focuses on the existing links between labour organisation and the health of older workers using the Share 2004 survey. It is based on two models, the Karasek and Theorell (1991) model, and the Siegrist (1996) model, which highlight three main areas: the pressure a person feels, which refl ects perceived physical stress and pressure arising from major work changes; the scope for decision-making, which relates to freedom of action and the chances to develop new skills; and the reward a person receives, which equates to the feeling of receiving a salary which is proportionate to the effort they make, having prospects for promotion or personal advancement and receiving the recognition he or she deserves. These models also take into account the notion of in-work support and the feeling of job security. Our estimates show that the state of health of older workers is linked to these factors. A low level of perceived pressure and above all a high level of recognition are associated with a good state of health, for men and women alike. Scope for decision-making would only appear to infl uence women’s state of health. Finally, the results reveal the importance for health of the lack of support at work and the feeling of job insecurity; for both sexes, these factors are particularly linked to the risk of depression. Stress at Work and the Health of Older Workers in Europe [spa] Trabajo penoso y salud de los seniors en Europa. Las condiciones de trabajo han evolucionado mucho en las últimas décadas en los países desarrollados. Esta evolución conlleva nuevas formas de organización del trabajo que pueden ser fuentes de penosidad y riesgos para la salud. En un contexto de envejecimiento de la población, estos problemas son especialmente preocupantes en materia de salud, empleo y fi nanciación de las jubilaciones. Este estudio se interesa por las conexiones existentes entre la organización del trabajo y la salud de los seniors a partir de la encuesta Share 2004, basada en dos modelos -el de Karasek y Theorell (1991) y el de Siegrist (1996)-en el que interactúan tres dimensiones principales: la presión experimentada, que refl eja la penosidad física percibida y la presión debida a una considerable carga de trabajo, la libertad de decisión, que se refi ere a la libertad de acción y a la posibilidad de desarrollar nuevas competencias, y la recompensa recibida, que corresponde al sentimiento de recibir un salario justo respecto a los esfuerzos realizados, perspectivas de avance o progreso personal y recibir el reconocimiento merecido. Estos modelos también integran la noción de apoyo en el trabajo y el sentimiento de seguridad del empleo. Nuestras estimaciones muestran que el estado de salud de los seniors en actividad está vinculado a estos factores. Un buen estado de salud se asocia a un nivel de presión poco elevado, pero sobre todo a un nivel de recompensa importante, tanto para hombres como mujeres. La libertad de decisión solo afectaría al estado de salud de las mujeres. Por último, los resultados revelan la infl uencia que la falta de apoyo en el trabajo y el sentimiento de inseguridad respecto al trabajo tienen sobre la salud; ambos factores, independientemente del género, están especialmente relacionados con el riesgo de sufrir depresiones. [ger] Beschwerlichkeit der Arbeit und Gesundheit der älteren Arbeitnehmer in Europa. In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben sich die Arbeitsbedingungen in den Industrieländern sehr verändert. Einher ging diese Entwicklung mit dem Aufkommen neuer Formen der Arbeitsorganisation, die die Arbeit beschwerlicher machen und Gesundheitsrisiken in sich bergen können. Vor dem Hintergrund der Alterung der Gesellschaft sind diese Probleme im Hinblick auf die Gesundheit, die Beschäftigung und die Rentenfi nanzierung besonders besorgniserregend. Diese Studie befasst sich mit den Beziehungen zwischen Arbeitsorganisation und Gesundheit der Senioren auf der Grundlage der Erhebung Share 2004. Sie stützt sich auf zwei Modelle: das Modell von Karasek und Theorell (1991) und das Modell von Siegrist (1996). Diese berücksichtigen drei Hauptdimensionen: den empfundenen Druck, der die körperliche Beschwerlichkeit und den Druck infolge der hohen Arbeitsbelastung widerspiegelt; den Entscheidungsspielraum, der auf die Handlungsfreiheit und die Möglichkeiten der Entwicklung neuer Kompetenzen verweist; sowie die erhaltene Belohnung, die dem Gefühl entspricht, ein im Vergleich zu den erbrachten Anstrengungen angemessenes Gehalt zu beziehen, Chancen zum Aufstieg oder zum persönlichen Fortkommen zu haben und eine verdiente Anerkennung zu bekommen. Berücksichtigt werden bei diesen Modellen auch die Unterstützung bei der Arbeit und das Gefühl der Beschäftigungssicherheit. Unsere Schätzungen zeigen, dass der Gesundheitszustand der erwerbstätigen Senioren von diesen Faktoren abhängt. Ein nur geringer empfundener Druck und vor allem eine hohe Belohnung bedeuten bei den Männern wie auch bei den Frauen einen guten Gesundheitszustand. Der Entscheidungsspielraum würde sich nur auf die Gesundheit der Frauen auswirken. Die Ergebnisse zeigen schließlich, dass eine unzulängliche Unterstützung bei der Arbeit und das mangelnde Gefühl von Beschäftigungssicherheit erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit haben. Unabhängig vom Geschlecht sind diese beiden Faktoren insbesondere für das Risiko einer Depression ausschlaggebend. [fre] Les conditions de travail ont beaucoup évolué au cours des dernières décennies dans les pays développés. Cette évolution s'est accompagnée de l'apparition de nouvelles formes d'organisation du travail pouvant être sources de pénibilité et de risques pour la santé. Dans un contexte de vieillissement des populations, ces problèmes sont particulièrement préoccupants, en matière de santé, d'emploi et de financement des retraites. Cette étude s'intéresse aux liens existant entre l'organisation du travail et la santé des seniors à partir de l'enquête Share 2004. Elle se fonde sur deux modèles, celui de Karasek et Theorell (1991) et celui de Siegrist (1996) qui font intervenir trois principales dimensions : la pression ressentie qui reflète la pénibilité physique perçue et la pression due à une forte charge de travail, la latitude décisionnelle qui renvoie à la liberté d'action et aux possibilités de développer de nouvelles compétences, et la récompense reçue qui correspond au sentiment de recevoir un salaire correct relativement aux efforts fournis, d'avoir des perspectives d'avancement ou de progression personnelle et de recevoir une reconnaissance méritée. Ces modèles tiennent également compte de la notion de soutien dans le travail et du sentiment de sécurité de l'emploi. Nos estimations montrent que l'état de santé des seniors en emploi est lié à ces facteurs. Un niveau de pression ressentie peu élevé mais surtout un niveau de récompense reçue important sont associés à un bon état de santé, pour les hommes comme pour les femmes. La latitude décisionnelle n'aurait d'influence que sur l'état de santé des femmes. Les résultats révèlent enfin l'importance sur la santé du manque de soutien au travail et du sentiment d'insécurité vis-à-vis de l'emploi ; quel que soit le sexe, ces deux facteurs sont notamment corrélés au risque de souffrir de dépression.

Suggested Citation

  • Thierry Debrand & Pascale Lengagne, 2007. "Pénibilité au travail et santé des seniors en Europe," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 403(1), pages 19-38.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2007_num_403_1_7086
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2007.7086
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2007.7086
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    13. Didier Blanchet & Thierry Debrand, 2007. "Souhaiter prendre sa retraite le plus tôt possible : santé, satisfaction au travail et facteurs monétaires," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 403(1), pages 39-62.
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    Cited by:

    1. Bassanini, Andrea & Caroli, Eve, 2014. "Is work bad for health? The role of constraint vs choice," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Docweb) 1402, CEPREMAP.
    2. Thomas Barnay, 2016. "Health, work and working conditions: a review of the European economic literature," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 17(6), pages 693-709, July.
    3. Thomas Barnay & Thomas Coutrot & Thibaut de Saint Pol, 2016. "Introduction. Santé et itinéraire professionnel : contexte et genèse d’une enquête," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 486(1), pages 5-15.
    4. Topa, Gabriela & Moriano, Juan A. & Moreno, Ana, 2012. "Psychosocial determinants of financial planning for retirement among immigrants in Europe," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 527-537.
    5. Thomas Barnay & Carine Franc & Florence Jusot, 2015. "Introduction : La santé et les soins : prise en charge, déterminants sociaux, conséquences professionnelles," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 475(1), pages 17-29.
    6. Thierry Debrand, 2011. "L’influence des conditions de travail sur les dépenses de santé," Working Papers DT41, IRDES institut for research and information in health economics, revised Mar 2011.
    7. Thomas Barnay & Carine Franc & Florence Jusot, 2015. "Introduction générale. La santé et les soins : prise en charge, déterminants sociaux, conséquences professionnelles," Post-Print hal-02431053, HAL.
    8. repec:dau:papers:123456789/12483 is not listed on IDEAS
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    10. Thomas Barnay & Thomas Coutrot & Thibaut De Saint Pol, 2016. "Introduction générale - Santé et itinéraire professionnel : contexte et genèse d’une enquête," Post-Print hal-01343227, HAL.
    11. Didier Blanchet & Thierry Debrand, 2007. "Souhaiter prendre sa retraite le plus tôt possible : santé, satisfaction au travail et facteurs monétaires," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 403(1), pages 39-62.

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