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Structure des qualifications et échanges extérieurs français

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  • Alain Gallais
  • Bernard Gautier

Abstract

[eng] The Structure of French Qualifications and Foreign Trade . International trade theory posits that the factors of production available in a country determine the nature of that country's foreign trade. The link between France's employment structure by qualifications and its foreign trade in 1993 is analyzed in this article from the point of view of this theory and a certain number of hypotheses. . Skilled labour is reported to be more abundant in France than in the countries with which it trades. However, the pattern of top-down specialization is not totally sound as employees and retailers represent a greater comparative advantage than certain highly qualified technical categories. Moreover, among executives and senior professionals, there is a relatively more plentiful supply of sales executives, administrative executives and self-employed people whereas engineers and technical executives are thinner on the ground. . The professions that take advantage of the trade are connected with the source of this trade and are found in certain activity and product sectors. The relative abundance of employees in France is due mainly to commerce and market services. The relative scarcity of manual employees can be observed in particular in the trade of fast-moving consumer goods. [ger] Struktur der Qualifikationen und franzôsischer AuBenhandel . Nach der Théorie des Welthandels bestimmen die in einem Land verfùgbaren Produktionsfaktoren auch die Art seines AuBenhandels. In diesem Rahmen und unter einer Reine vorv Hypothesen wird irv diesem Artikef die Beziehung zwischen der qualifikationsspezifischen Beschâftigungsstruktur und dem AuBenhandel fur Frankreich im Jahre 1993 analysiert. . In Frankreich gebe es demnach mehr qualifizierte Beschàftigungen als bei seinen Handelspartnern. Das Schema der Spezialisierung von oben sei aber keine vôllig unumstôBliche Tatsache: denn die Angestellten und . Geschâftsleute wùrden einen grôBeren komparativen Vorteil als einige technische Kategorien mit sehr hoher Ausbildungsqualifikation darstellen. Unter den Fûhrungskràfterrund den hôheren geistigen Berufen gebe es in Frankreich relativ mehr Fùhrungskrâfte im Vertrieb und in der Verwaltung sowie Freiberufler, dagegen aber weniger Ingenieure und technische Fùhrungskrâfte. . Die Berufe, denen der AuBenhandel zugute kommt, sind mit ihm verbunden und konzentrieren sich auf einige Tâtigkeitsbereiche und Produkte: die relative hohe Zahl von Beschàftigten in Frankreich ist insbesondere auf den Handel und die marktbestimmten Dienstleistungen zurùckzufùhren; die relative Seltenheit von Arbeitern ist . vor allem beim Handel mit den gângigen Konsumgùtem zu beobachten. [spa] Estructura des las cualificaciones e intercambios exteriores franceses . Segûn la teorfa del comercio internacional, los factores de producciôn de los que dispone determinado paîs, influyen en la naturaleza de sus intercambios con el exterior. Dentro de este marco, y ateniéndose a unas cuantas hipôtesis, se analiza aquf el vfnculo existente entre la estructura de los empleos por cualificaciones y los intercambios exteriores para Francia en 1993. . Et trabajo cualificado serfa mâs abundante en Francia que entre sus socios comerciales. Pero el esquema de especializaciôn desde arriba no se darîa del todo : los empleados y los trabajadores del sector comercio constituirian una ventaja comparativa mâs importante que ciertas categorîas técnicas muy cualificadas en cuanto a . la titulaciôn. Ademâs, entre los ejecutivos y las profesiones intelectuales superiores, los cuadros del comercio, administratives, y las profesiones libérales serîan mâs abundantes en Francia, y mâs escasos los ingenieros y cuadros téenicos. . Las profesiones que sacan ventaja del intercambio estân supeditadas a su principio, y se sitûan entre ciertas ramas de activrdad y de productos r ta abundancia relativa err empleados en Francia se debe ante todo al comercio y a los servicios privados ; la escasez relativa en obreros se observa asimismo en los intercambios de bienes de consumo corriente. [fre] Structure des qualifications et échanges extérieurs français . Selon la théorie du commerce international, les facteurs de production disponibles dans un pays déterminent la nature de ses échanges extérieurs. Dans ce cadre, et sous un certain nombre d'hypothèses, le lien entre la structure des emplois par qualifications et les échanges extérieurs est ici analysé pour la France en 1993. . Le travail qualifié serait plus abondant en France que chez ses partenaires commerciaux. Mais le schéma de spécialisation par le haut ne serait pas entièrement acquis : les employés et les commerçants constitueraient un avantage comparatif plus Important que certaines catégories techniques très qualifiées en termes de diplôme. De plus, parmi les cadres et professions intellectuelles supérieures, les cadres commerciaux, administratifs et les professions libérales seraient relativement plus abondants en France, les ingénieurs et les cadres techniques, plus rares. . Les professions qui tirent parti de l'échange sont liées à son principe et se situent dans certaines branches d'activité et de produits : l'abondance relative en employés en France résulte surtout du commerce et des services marchands ; de façon réciproque, les biens intensifs en travail ouvrier sont plus importés, ceci se concrétisant particulièrement dans tes échanges de biens de consommation courante.

Suggested Citation

  • Alain Gallais & Bernard Gautier, 1994. "Structure des qualifications et échanges extérieurs français," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 279(1), pages 35-46.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1994_num_279_1_5914
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1994.5914
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1994.5914
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hervé Bonnaz & Nathalie Courtot & Dominique Nivat, 1994. "Le contenu en emplois des échanges industriels de la France avec les pays en développement," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 279(1), pages 13-33.
    2. repec:ilo:ilowps:265531 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Catherine Mathieu & Henri Sterdyniak, 1994. "L'émergence de l'Asie en développement menace-t-elle l'emploi en France ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 48(1), pages 55-106.
    4. Schumacher D., 1989. "Employment impact in the European economic community (EC) countries of east-west trade flows," ILO Working Papers 992655313402676, International Labour Organization.
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    6. Baldwin, Robert E, 1971. "Determinants of the Commodity Structure of U.S. Trade," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 61(1), pages 126-146, March.
    7. François Péronnet & François Rocherieux, 1983. "Le modèle défi : débouchés, emplois, filières interindustrielles," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 58(2), pages 3-5.
    8. Laurent Bisault & Vincent Destival & Dominique Goux, 1994. "Emploi et chômage des "non-qualifiés" en France," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 273(1), pages 17-27.
    9. Webster, Allan, 1993. "The Skill and Higher Educational Content of UK Net Exports," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 55(2), pages 141-159, May.
    10. Jeffrey D. Sachs & Howard J. Shatz, 1994. "Trade and Jobs in Manufacturing," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 25(1), pages 1-84.
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    1. Jean-Pierre Laffargue, 1997. "Inégalités, progrès technique et internationalisation," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 48(5), pages 1029-1039.
    2. Jean Léonard, 1996. "Education, effets externes, emploi : le cas de la France," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 58(1), pages 67-102.

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