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Public Investment, Crowding out, and Growth: A Dynamic Model Applied to India and Korea (Investissement public, "effet de refoulement" et croissance: un modèle dynamique appliqué à l'Inde et à la Corée) (Inversión pública, desplazamiento de la inversión privada y crecimiento: Un modelo dinámico aplicado a India y Corea)

Author

Listed:
  • V. Sundararajan

    (International Monetary Fund)

  • Subhash Thakur

    (International Monetary Fund)

Abstract

A dynamic model of public investment, private investment, savings, and growth is developed and applied to India and Korea. The model highlights the impact of public investment on private investment and growth by incorporating the various channels of influence that public investment has on private investment. Public investment crowds out private investment in the short term; however, it also raises the productivity of the private capital stock and, by creating demand for the output of the private sector, raises the output expectations and the investment requirements of the private sector. It also raises aggregate output and savings, thereby offsetting part of the initial crowding out. Further interesting features of the model include the relationship between the relative cost of capital and the productivity of capital, and the one between savings and the speed of adjustment of the actual capital stock toward a desired capital stock. The model is used to investigate the magnitude and the dynamic time path of the effect of public investment on private investment and growth in India (1960-76) and Korea (1958-76). The estimates reveal that in India public investment partially crowds out private investment and dampens growth, while in Korea it promotes private investment and stimulates growth. In Korea, the relative cost of capital is found to have a strong positive efficiency effect on capital but only a weak negative substitution effect on investment; in India, both effects have the same sign as they do for Korea and are found to be strong. The dynamic responses after an initial increase in public investment takes place differ sharply between the two countries; a strong initial crowding out is only slowly reversed in India, while in Korea the positive effects on private investment dominate and are large in both the immediate and subsequent periods. The effects of changes in interest rates, operating through their influence on the cost of capital as well as on the real interest rate on savings, are also analyzed. /// Un modèle dynamique de l'investissement public, de l'investissement privé, de l'épargne et de la croissance a été élaboré et appliqué à l'Inde et à la Corée. Le modèle met en relief l'impact de l'investissement public sur l'investissement privé et la croissance en intégrant les différents circuits par lesquels l'investissement public influence l'investissement privé. L'investissement public évince l'investissement privé à court terme; par ailleurs, il accroît également la productivité du stock de capital privé et, en créant une demande pour la production du secteur privé, augmente les perspectives de production et les besoins d'investissement du secteur privé. Il contribue aussi à augmenter la production globale et l'épargne, compensant ainsi en partie l'effet initial de refoulement. Parmi les autres aspects intéressants du modèle figurent la relation entre le coût relatif du capital et la productivité du capital, ainsi que la relation entre l'épargne et la rapidité avec laquelle le stock de capital effectif s'ajuste pour se rapprocher du stock de capital désiré. Le modèle permet d'étudier l'ampleur et le profil temporel dynamique de l'effet de l'investissement public sur l'investissement privé et la croissance en Inde (1960-76) et en Corée (1958-76). Les estimations montrent qu'en Inde, l'investissement public évince partiellement l'investissement privé et affaiblit la croissance, tandis qu'en Corée il encourage l'investissement privé et stimulela croissance. En Corée, il apparaît que le coût relatif du capital a un important effet positif sur le capital quant à l'efficacité de ce dernier, mais que l'effet négatif de substitution qu'il exerce sur l'investissement est faible; en Inde, les deux effets ont le même signe qu'en Corée mais ils sont très prononcés. Les réactions dynamiques à une augmentation initiale de l'investissement public sont très différentes dans les deux pays; en Inde, un important refoulement initial n'est que lentement neutralisé, tandis qu'en Corée les effets positifs sur l'investissement privé prédominent et sont importants tant dans les périodes immédiates que dans les périodes ultérieures. Les effets des variations des taux d'intérêt, qui se répercutent sur le coût du capital ainsi que sur le taux d'intérêt réel de l'épargne, sont également analysés. /// Se elabora un modelo dinámico de inversión pública, inversión privada, ahorro y crecimiento, y se aplica a India y Corea. El modelo destaca el impacto de la inversión pública en la inversión privada y el crecimiento incorporando los diversos canales de influencia de la inversión pública en la privada. La inversión pública desplaza a la privada a corto plazo; sin embargo, también eleva la productividad de la masa de capital privado y, al crear demanda para la producción del sector privado, eleva las expectativas de producción y las necesidades de inversión del sector privado. Por otra parte, como acrecienta la producción y el ahorro agregados, contrarresta parcialmente el efecto inicial de desplazamiento. Otras características de interés del modelo son la relación entre el costo relativo del capital y su productividad, y entre el ahorro y la velocidad de ajuste de la masa de capital efectiva a la que se desea obtener. El modelo se utiliza para investigar la magnitud y trayectoria dinámica en el tiempo del efecto de la inversión pública en la privada y en el crecimiento en India (1960-76) y Corea (1958-76). Las estimaciones ponen de manifiesto que en India la inversión pública desplaza parcialmente a la privada y frena el crecimiento, mientras que en Corea promueve la inversión privada y estimula el crecimiento. Se comprueba que en Corea el costo relativo del capital tiene un fuerte efecto positivo de eficiencia en el capital, pero sólo un efecto negativo débil de sustitución en la inversión; en India, ambos efectos tienen el mismo signo que en Corea, y son fuertes. La reacción dinámica posterior al aumento inicial de la inversión pública es muy distinta en los dos países; en India, el fuerte efecto inicial de desplazamiento sólo cambia de dirección lentamente, mientras que en Corea predominan los efectos positivos en la inversión privada y son importantes en el período inmediato y en los siguientes. También se analizan los efectos de las variaciones de los tipos de interés, que alteran el costo del capital y el tipo de interés real del ahorro.

Suggested Citation

  • V. Sundararajan & Subhash Thakur, 1980. "Public Investment, Crowding out, and Growth: A Dynamic Model Applied to India and Korea (Investissement public, "effet de refoulement" et croissance: un modèle dynamique appliqué à l'Inde ," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 27(4), pages 814-855, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:pal:imfstp:v:27:y:1980:i:4:p:814-855
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Rama, Martin, 1990. "Empirical investment equations in developing countries," Policy Research Working Paper Series 563, The World Bank.
    2. Tuomas A. Peltonen & Ricardo M. Sousa & Isabel S. Vansteenkiste, 2011. "Fundamentals, Financial Factors, and the Dynamics of Investment in Emerging Markets," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(0), pages 88-105, May.
    3. Kannan, R & Singh, Bhupal, 2007. "Debt-deficit dynamics in India and macroeconomic effects: A structural approach," MPRA Paper 16480, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2007.
    4. Mallick, Hrushikesh & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Sahoo, Manoranjan, 2018. "Is crude oil price detrimental to domestic private investment for an emerging economy? The role of public sector investment and financial sector development in an era of globalization," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 307-324.
    5. Chakraborty, Lekha S., 2006. "Fiscal deficit, capital formation, and crowding out: Evidence from India," Working Papers 06/43, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.
    6. Jongwanich, Juthathip & Kohpaiboon, Archanun, 2008. "Private Investment: Trends and Determinants in Thailand," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 1709-1724, October.
    7. Feltenstein, Andrew & Morris, Stephen, 1988. "Fiscal stabilization and exchange rate instability," Policy Research Working Paper Series 74, The World Bank.
    8. Ramirez, Miguel D., 1998. "Does public investment enhance labor productivity growth in Chile? A cointegration analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 45-65.
    9. James Ang, 2008. "Private Investment And Financial Sector Policies In Developing Countries," Monash Economics Working Papers 07/08, Monash University, Department of Economics.

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