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Organizing knowledge spillovers when basic and applied research are interdependent: German biotechnology policy in historical perspective

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Author Info
Mark Lehrer ()
Abstract

The German biotechnology lag illuminates the difficulties of finding appropriate organizational forms of R&D for “embryo” innovations requiring the continued involvement of basic research scientists even after innovation has advanced to the stage of commercial product development. The analysis charts the German policy shift from largely unsuccessful “corporatist” networks (1970s and 1980s) to more promising “emergent” networks (1990s) as organizational vehicles for conducting biotechnology innovation. A constant of German R&D policy for most of the 20th century, and one underlying the initial reliance on corporatist networks in biotechnology, was the tendency to exclude universities from major R&D initiatives and rely instead on specialized research institutes. The structural inflexibilities of universities, combined with the early successes of many specialized research institutes from the 1880s on, led to path-dependent reliance on the latter for 20th-century reforms of the German national innovation system. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007

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File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1007/s10961-006-9017-8
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Publisher Info
Article provided by Springer in its journal The Journal of Technology Transfer.

Volume (Year): 32 (2007)
Issue (Month): 3 (June)
Pages: 277-296
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Handle: RePEc:kap:jtecht:v:32:y:2007:i:3:p:277-296

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Web page: http://www.springerlink.com/link.asp?id=104998

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Related research
Keywords: Biotechnology industry; Germany; National systems of innovation; Knowledge spillovers; German universities; H4; H54; I23; L33;

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  1. Audretsch, David B. & Feldman, Maryann P., 2004. "Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation," Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, in: J. V. Henderson & J. F. Thisse (ed.), Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 61, pages 2713-2739 Elsevier. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Murray, Fiona, 2004. "The role of academic inventors in entrepreneurial firms: sharing the laboratory life," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 643-659, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Dohse, Dirk, 2000. "Technology policy and the regions -- the case of the BioRegio contest," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 29(9), pages 1111-1133, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Beise, Marian & Stahl, Harald, 1999. "Public research and industrial innovations in Germany," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 397-422, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  5. Oliver, Amalya L., 2004. "Biotechnology entrepreneurial scientists and their collaborations," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 583-597, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Jasanoff, Sheila, 1985. "Technological innovation in a corporatist state: The case of biotechnology in the Federal Republic of Germany," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 23-38, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Nelson, Richard R., 2004. "The market economy, and the scientific commons," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 455-471, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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