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The Impact of Dual Agency

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  • J’Noel Gardiner
  • Jeffrey Heisler
  • Jarl Kallberg
  • Crocker Liu

Abstract

In 1984, the State of Hawaii’s legislature enacted a law making it mandatory for real estate agents engaged in dual agency relationships (i.e., when the seller’s and the buyer’s agents are employed by the same real estate firm) to disclose this fact to both parties in writing. The assumption was that the dual agency relation was damaging to the seller. This study analyzes the effect of disclosed and undisclosed dual agency, and the impact of the legislation, using data prior to and after the legislation (approximately 2,000 residential sales in each period). To account for property characteristics, hedonic models for the log of sale price and for the log of days on market are estimated in each period. Our empirical analysis suggests that dual agency significantly reduced the sales price, but the influence was much smaller after the legislation (8.0 versus 1.4%). In addition, dual agency significantly decreased the time on market by approximately 8.5% pre-legislation and 8.1% post-legislation, although the influence was much stronger for lower priced residences. These results are confirmed using a seemingly unrelated regression model. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007

Suggested Citation

  • J’Noel Gardiner & Jeffrey Heisler & Jarl Kallberg & Crocker Liu, 2007. "The Impact of Dual Agency," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 35(1), pages 39-55, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:jrefec:v:35:y:2007:i:1:p:39-55
    DOI: 10.1007/s11146-007-9028-8
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    Cited by:

    1. Ken H. Johnson & Zhenguo Lin & Jia Xie, 2015. "Dual Agent Distortions in Real Estate Transactions," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 43(2), pages 507-536, June.
    2. Vrinda Kadiyali & Jeffrey T. Prince & Daniel H. Simon, 2009. "Is Dual Agency in Real Estate Transactions a Cause for Concern?," Working Papers 2010-12, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business, Department of Business Economics and Public Policy.
    3. Ralph B. Siebert & Michael J. Seiler, 2022. "Why Do Buyers Pay Different Prices for Comparable Products? A Structural Approach on the Housing Market," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 65(2), pages 261-292, August.
    4. Xun Bian & Bennie D. Waller & Abdullah Yavas, 2017. "Commission Splits in Real Estate Transactions," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 54(2), pages 165-187, February.
    5. Xun Bian & Geoffrey K. Turnbull & Bennie D. Waller, 2017. "Client Externality Effects of Agents Selling Their Own Properties," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 54(2), pages 139-164, February.
    6. Sean Salter & Ken Johnson & Ernest King, 2010. "Listing Specialization and Pricing Precision," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 40(3), pages 245-259, April.
    7. Jonathan A. Wiley & Bennie Waller & Raymond Brastow, 2013. "Two sides of dual agency: evidence from homebuyers and transactions," Journal of Property Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(1), pages 47-66, March.
    8. William G. Hardin III & Ken H. Johnson & Zhonghua Wu, 2009. "Brokerage Intermediation in the Commercial Property Market," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 31(4), pages 397-420.
    9. Cai, Ye & Kim, Yongtae & Park, Jong Chool & White, Hal D., 2016. "Common auditors in M&A transactions," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(1), pages 77-99.
    10. Han, Lu & Strange, William C., 2015. "The Microstructure of Housing Markets," Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, in: Gilles Duranton & J. V. Henderson & William C. Strange (ed.), Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, edition 1, volume 5, chapter 0, pages 813-886, Elsevier.
    11. Justin Benefield & Ronald Rutherford & Marcus Allen, 2012. "The Effects of Estate Sales of Residential Real Estate on Price and Marketing Time," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 45(4), pages 965-981, November.
    12. Shu-Man You & Chun-Chang Lee & Ming-Hsun Tseng, 2012. "An Examination of Service Quality, Transaction Costs and Sales Ethics among Real Estate Advertising Sales Agents," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 15(2), pages 189-214.
    13. Anup Agrawal & Tommy Cooper & Qin Lian & Qiming Wang, 2013. "Common Advisers in Mergers and Acquisitions: Determinants and Consequences," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 56(3), pages 691-740.
    14. Ralph Siebert & Michael J. Seiler, 2020. "Why Do Buyers Pay Different Prices for Comparable Products? Evidence from the Housing Market," CESifo Working Paper Series 8337, CESifo.
    15. Vrinda Kadiyali & Jeffrey Prince & Daniel Simon, 2014. "Is Dual Agency in Real Estate a Cause for Concern?," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 48(1), pages 164-195, January.
    16. Luis Arturo Lopez, 2021. "Asymmetric information and personal affiliations in brokered housing transactions," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 49(2), pages 459-492, June.
    17. Bian, Xun & Waller, Bennie D. & Turnbull, Geoffrey K. & Wentland, Scott A., 2015. "How many listings are too many? Agent inventory externalities and the residential housing market," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 130-143.
    18. Lawrence Kryzanowski & Yanting Wu & Tingyu Zhou, 2023. "Conflicts of interest and agent heterogeneity in buyer brokerage," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 51(1), pages 130-169, January.
    19. Anida Duarte & Annette Craven & J. T. Norris, 2015. "Real Estate Agent Commission Disputes," SAGE Open, , vol. 5(2), pages 21582440155, June.

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