IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v12y2020i3p1021-d314934.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Institutional Ownership and Firm Performance under Stakeholder-Oriented Corporate Governance

Author

Listed:
  • Hideaki Sakawa

    (Graduate School of Economics, Nagoya City University; Nagoya 4678501, Japan)

  • Naoki Watanabel

    (Graduate School of Economics, Nagoya City University; Nagoya 4678501, Japan)

Abstract

This study aimed to reveal the role of institutional investors with shareholder-oriented scopes in a stakeholder-oriented economy such as Japan. With financial globalization, the increasing number of institutional shareholders in Japanese corporations enables us to investigate whether their shareholder-oriented perspectives are conducive to taking on effective monitoring roles under stakeholder-oriented corporate governance. This study’s sample included large listed firms of the TOPIX 500 in Japan during 2010-2016. Using 2924 firm-year observations, the effect of institutional investors on firm performance was analyzed to test the role of institutional investors in stakeholder-oriented corporate governance. Our study showed that the monitoring role of institutional shareholders, or foreign shareholders, functions effectively in Japanese corporations. In addition, we showed that the monitoring roles of these are expected to strengthen firms through higher growth opportunities. These results implied that institutional shareholders contribute to enhancing sustainable firm performance and constructing sustainable corporate governance mechanisms in a stakeholder-oriented system.

Suggested Citation

  • Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 2020. "Institutional Ownership and Firm Performance under Stakeholder-Oriented Corporate Governance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-21, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:3:p:1021-:d:314934
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/3/1021/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/3/1021/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Agrawal, Anup & Mandelker, Gershon N., 1990. "Large Shareholders and the Monitoring of Managers: The Case of Antitakeover Charter Amendments," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 25(2), pages 143-161, June.
    2. Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W, 1997. "A Survey of Corporate Governance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(2), pages 737-783, June.
    3. Alex Edmans, 2009. "Blockholder Trading, Market Efficiency, and Managerial Myopia," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 64(6), pages 2481-2513, December.
    4. Megumi Suto & Masashi Toshino, 2005. "Behavioural Biases of Japanese Institutional Investors: fund management and corporate governance," Corporate Governance: An International Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(4), pages 466-477, July.
    5. Masahiko Aoki, 2013. "Toward an Economic Model of the Japanese Firm," Chapters, in: Comparative Institutional Analysis, chapter 18, pages 315-341, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    6. Jensen, Michael C, 1986. "Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 76(2), pages 323-329, May.
    7. Yermack, David, 1996. "Higher market valuation of companies with a small board of directors," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(2), pages 185-211, February.
    8. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 0. "IPO underpricing and ownership monitoring in Japan," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 0, pages 1-24.
    9. McConnell, John J. & Servaes, Henri, 1990. "Additional evidence on equity ownership and corporate value," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 595-612, October.
    10. Gine, Mireia & Moussawi, Rabih & Sedunov, John, 2017. "Governance mechanisms and effective activism: Evidence from shareholder proposals on poison pills," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 185-202.
    11. Brouthers, Lance Eliot & Gao, Yan & Napshin, Stuart, 2014. "Keiretsu centrality — profits and profit stability: A power dependence perspective," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(12), pages 2603-2610.
    12. Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez‐de‐Silanes & Andrei Shleifer & Robert W. Vishny, 2000. "Agency Problems and Dividend Policies around the World," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 55(1), pages 1-33, February.
    13. Dore, Ronald, 2000. "Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism: Japan and Germany versus the Anglo-Saxons," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199240616.
    14. Myers, Stewart C. & Majluf, Nicholas S., 1984. "Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 187-221, June.
    15. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 2020. "Main bank relationship and accounting conservatism: evidence from Japan," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 19(1), pages 62-85, February.
    16. Brian J. Bushee, 2001. "Do Institutional Investors Prefer Near†Term Earnings over Long†Run Value?," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(2), pages 207-246, June.
    17. Elizabeth Marie Motta & Konari Uchida, 2018. "Institutional Investors, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Stock Price Performance," NBER Chapters, in: Corporate Governance (NBER-TCER-CEPR Conference), National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    18. Hoshi, Takeo & Kashyap, Anil K, 2010. "Will the U.S. bank recapitalization succeed? Eight lessons from Japan," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(3), pages 398-417, September.
    19. Xuesong Geng & Toru Yoshikawa & Asli M. Colpan, 2016. "Leveraging foreign institutional logic in the adoption of stock option pay among Japanese firms," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(7), pages 1472-1492, July.
    20. Dow, Sandra & McGuire, Jean, 2009. "Propping and tunneling: Empirical evidence from Japanese keiretsu," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(10), pages 1817-1828, October.
    21. Yoshikawa, Toru & Rasheed, Abdul A. & Del Brio, Esther B., 2010. "The impact of firm strategy and foreign ownership on executive bonus compensation in Japanese firms," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 63(11), pages 1254-1260, November.
    22. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 2020. "IPO underpricing and ownership monitoring in Japan," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 19(4), pages 480-503, September.
    23. Jay C. Hartzell & Laura T. Starks, 2003. "Institutional Investors and Executive Compensation," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(6), pages 2351-2374, December.
    24. Aggarwal, Reena & Erel, Isil & Ferreira, Miguel & Matos, Pedro, 2011. "Does governance travel around the world? Evidence from institutional investors," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(1), pages 154-181, April.
    25. Morck, Randall & Nakamura, Masao & Shivdasani, Anil, 2000. "Banks, Ownership Structure, and Firm Value in Japan," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 73(4), pages 539-567, October.
    26. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 2021. "Earnings quality and internal control in bank-dominated corporate governance," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 20(2), pages 188-220, April.
    27. Stewart C. Myers & Nicholas S. Majluf, 1984. "Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have InformationThat Investors Do Not Have," NBER Working Papers 1396, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    28. Ruth V. Aguilera & Kurt A. Desender & Mónica López-Puertas Lamy & Jun Ho Lee, 2017. "The governance impact of a changing investor landscape," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 48(2), pages 195-221, February.
    29. Nguyen, Pascal, 2012. "The impact of foreign investors on the risk-taking of Japanese firms," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 233-248.
    30. Jensen, Michael C. & Meckling, William H., 1976. "Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 305-360, October.
    31. Takeo Hoshi & Anil Kashyap & David Scharfstein, 1991. "Corporate Structure, Liquidity, and Investment: Evidence from Japanese Industrial Groups," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 106(1), pages 33-60.
    32. Sakawa, Hideaki & Ubukata, Masato & Watanabel, Naoki, 2014. "Market liquidity and bank-dominated corporate governance: Evidence from Japan," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 1-11.
    33. Jarrell, Gregg A. & Poulsen, Annette B., 1987. "Shark repellents and stock prices : The effects of antitakeover amendments since 1980," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 127-168, September.
    34. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 2021. "Family Control and Corporate Innovation in Stakeholder-Oriented Corporate Governance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-13, April.
    35. Hiraki, Takato & Inoue, Hideaki & Ito, Akitoshi & Kuroki, Fumiaki & Masuda, Hiroyuki, 2003. "Corporate governance and firm value in Japan: Evidence from 1985 to 1998," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 11(3), pages 239-265, July.
    36. Tarun Khanna & Krishna G Palepu, 2004. "Globalization and convergence in corporate governance: evidence from Infosys and the Indian software industry," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 35(6), pages 484-507, November.
    37. Henry Hansmann & Reinier Kraakman, 2000. "The End Of History For Corporate Law," Yale School of Management Working Papers ysm136, Yale School of Management, revised 01 Feb 2001.
    38. Ruth V. Aguilera & Igor Filatotchev & Howard Gospel & Gregory Jackson, 2008. "An Organizational Approach to Comparative Corporate Governance: Costs, Contingencies, and Complementarities," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 19(3), pages 475-492, June.
    39. Kurt A. Desender & Ruth V. Aguilera & Mónica Lópezpuertas-Lamy & Rafel Crespi, 2016. "A clash of governance logics: Foreign ownership and board monitoring," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(2), pages 349-369, February.
    40. Hicheon Kim & Robert E. Hoskisson & William P. Wan, 2004. "Power dependence, diversification strategy, and performance in keiretsu member firms," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(7), pages 613-636, July.
    41. Brickley, James A. & Lease, Ronald C. & Smith, Clifford Jr., 1988. "Ownership structure and voting on antitakeover amendments," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 20(1-2), pages 267-291, January.
    42. Pound, John, 1988. "Proxy contests and the efficiency of shareholder oversight," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 20(1-2), pages 237-265, January.
    43. Naoshi Ikeda & Kotaro Inoue & Sho Watanabe, 2018. "Enjoying the Quiet Life: Corporate Decision-making by Entrenched Managers," NBER Chapters, in: Corporate Governance (NBER-TCER-CEPR Conference), National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    44. Sakawa, Hideaki & Watanabel, Naoki, 2018. "Parent control and ownership monitoring in publicly listed subsidiaries in Japan," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 7-14.
    45. Kang, Jun-Koo & Stulz, Rene M., 1997. "Why is there a home bias? An analysis of foreign portfolio equity ownership in Japan," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 3-28, October.
    46. J McGuire & S Dow, 2003. "The persistence and implications of Japanese keiretsu organization," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 34(4), pages 374-388, July.
    47. Ferreira, Miguel A. & Matos, Pedro, 2008. "The colors of investors' money: The role of institutional investors around the world," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(3), pages 499-533, June.
    48. Kenneth J. Rediker & Anju Seth, 1995. "Boards of directors and substitution effects of alternative governance mechanisms," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 16(2), pages 85-99.
    49. Amon Chizema & Yoshikatsu Shinozawa, 2012. "The ‘Company with Committees’: Change or Continuity in Japanese Corporate Governance?," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(1), pages 77-101, January.
    50. Takaya Seki, 2005. "Legal Reform and Shareholder Activism by Institutional Investors in Japan," Corporate Governance: An International Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(3), pages 377-385, May.
    51. Motta, Elizabeth Marie & Uchida, Konari, 2018. "Institutional investors, corporate social responsibility, and stock price performance," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 91-102.
    52. Randall Morck & Masao Nakamura, 1999. "Banks and Corporate Control in Japan," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 54(1), pages 319-339, February.
    53. Ikeda, Naoshi & Inoue, Kotaro & Watanabe, Sho, 2018. "Enjoying the quiet life: Corporate decision-making by entrenched managers," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 55-69.
    54. Sakawa, Hideaki & Watanabel, Naoki, 2018. "Board structures and performance in the banking industry: Evidence from Japan," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 308-320.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Hidaya Othmani, 2022. "Foreign institutional ownership and bank performance: Evidence from Tunisia," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 34(1), pages 42-53, March.
    2. Ionela Munteanu & Adriana Grigorescu & Elena Condrea & Elena Pelinescu, 2020. "Convergent Insights for Sustainable Development and Ethical Cohesion: An Empirical Study on Corporate Governance in Romanian Public Entities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-17, April.
    3. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 2022. "Accounting Frauds and Main-Bank Monitoring in Japanese Corporations," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 180(2), pages 605-621, October.
    4. Ahmad Yuosef Alodat & Zalailah Salleh & Hafiza Aishah Hashim & Farizah Sulong, 2021. "Corporate governance and firm performance: empirical evidence from Jordan," Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 20(5), pages 866-896, August.
    5. Maria Gaia Soana & Laura Barbieri & Andrea Lippi & Simone Rossi, 2021. "The Effect of Multiple Large Shareholders on Banks’ Profitability and Risk," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-15, February.
    6. Geeta Duppati & Rachita Gulati & Neha Matlani & Ploypailin Kijkasiwat, 2023. "Institutional Ownership, Capital Structure and Performance of SMEs in China," South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance, , vol. 12(2), pages 135-159, December.
    7. Naoki Watanabel & Shohei Yamauchi & Hideaki Sakawa, 2022. "The Board Structure and Performance in IPO Firms: Evidence from Stakeholder-Oriented Corporate Governance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-15, July.
    8. Badar Alshabibi, 2021. "The Role of Institutional Investors in Improving Board of Director Attributes around the World," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-33, April.
    9. Sabahat Riaz & Mohamed Hisham Hanifa & Fauzi Zainir, 2021. "Does Foreign Institutional Equity Participation Instigate Sustainable Corporate Investment Efficiency? Evidence from Emerging Economies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-17, April.
    10. Gillan, Stuart L. & Nguyen, Nga & Nishikawa, Takeshi, 2023. "Heterogeneity in shareholder activism: Evidence from Japan," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    11. Mariusz Zielinski & Izabela Jonek-Kowalska, 2020. "Profitability of Corporate Social Responsibility Activities from the Perspective of Corporate Social Managers," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(2), pages 264-280.
    12. Ryoichi Arai & Shinichi Hirota, 2023. "Profitability or Longevity? Cross-Country Variations in Corporate Performance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-29, May.
    13. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel & Junjian Gu, 2021. "The Internationalization and Voluntary Adoption of International Accounting Standards by Japanese MNEs," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 61(5), pages 713-744, October.
    14. Mariusz Zieliński & Izabela Jonek-Kowalska, 2021. "Does CSR Affect the Profitability and Valuation of Energy Companies? An Example from Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-24, June.
    15. Leviticus Mensah & Murad Abdurahman Bein, 2023. "Sound Corporate Governance and Financial Performance: Is There a Link? Evidence from Manufacturing Companies in South Africa, Nigeria, and Ghana," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-24, June.
    16. Sakawa, Hideaki & Watanabel, Naoki & Gu, Junjian, 2022. "Internationalization and the reliance of analyst forecasts in stakeholder-oriented corporate governance: Evidence from Japanese MNEs," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    17. Akihiro Yamada & Kento Fujita, 2022. "Impact of Parent Companies and Multiple Large Shareholders on Audit Fees in Stakeholder-Oriented Corporate Governance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-20, May.
    18. Indah Fajarini Sri Wahyuningrum & Amin Chegenizadeh & Natasya Ghinna Humaira & Mochamad Arief Budihardjo & Hamid Nikraz, 2023. "Corporate Governance Research in Asian Countries: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis (2001–2021)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-20, April.
    19. Anisa Safiah Maznorbalia & Muhammad Aiman Awalluddin & Ardzlyn Hawatul Yuhanis Ayob, 2023. "Exploring the role of institutional investors in voting, monitoring and dialogue engagement in mitigating agency conflict in Malaysia’s public listed companies," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-9, December.
    20. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 2021. "Family Control and Corporate Innovation in Stakeholder-Oriented Corporate Governance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-13, April.
    21. Hend Alregab, 2023. "The role of corporate governance in attracting foreign investment: An empirical investigation of Saudi‐listed firms in light of vision 2030," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(1), pages 284-294, January.
    22. Doğan, Mesut, 2020. "Institutional Ownership and Firm Value: A Study on the Bist Manufacturing Index," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 99(2), pages 59-75.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Pascal Nguyen & Nahid Rahman, 2020. "Institutional ownership, cross‐shareholdings and corporate cash reserves in Japan," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 60(S1), pages 1175-1207, April.
    2. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 2022. "Accounting Frauds and Main-Bank Monitoring in Japanese Corporations," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 180(2), pages 605-621, October.
    3. Sakawa, Hideaki & Watanabel, Naoki, 2018. "Parent control and ownership monitoring in publicly listed subsidiaries in Japan," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 7-14.
    4. Hussein Abedi Shamsabadi & Byung-Seong Min & Richard Chung, 2016. "Corporate governance and dividend strategy: lessons from Australia," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 12(5), pages 583-610, October.
    5. Naoki Watanabel & Shohei Yamauchi & Hideaki Sakawa, 2022. "The Board Structure and Performance in IPO Firms: Evidence from Stakeholder-Oriented Corporate Governance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-15, July.
    6. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 2020. "Main bank relationship and accounting conservatism: evidence from Japan," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 19(1), pages 62-85, February.
    7. Khosa,Amrinder & Ahmed,Kamran & Henry,Darren, 2019. "Ownership Structure, Related Party Transactions, and Firm Valuation," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9781108492195.
    8. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 0. "IPO underpricing and ownership monitoring in Japan," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 0, pages 1-24.
    9. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 2020. "IPO underpricing and ownership monitoring in Japan," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 19(4), pages 480-503, September.
    10. Toru Yoshikawa & Jean McGuire, 2008. "Change and continuity in Japanese corporate governance," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 5-24, January.
    11. Sakawa, Hideaki & Watanabel, Naoki & Gu, Junjian, 2022. "Internationalization and the reliance of analyst forecasts in stakeholder-oriented corporate governance: Evidence from Japanese MNEs," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    12. An, Zhe & Chen, Chen & Li, Donghui & Yin, Chao, 2021. "Foreign institutional ownership and the speed of leverage adjustment: International evidence," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    13. Schmid, Stefan & Roedder, Felix, 2021. "Gaijin invasion? A resource dependence perspective on foreign ownership and foreign directors," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(6).
    14. Hideaki Sakawa & Naoki Watanabel, 2021. "Earnings quality and internal control in bank-dominated corporate governance," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 20(2), pages 188-220, April.
    15. Maria Gaia Soana & Laura Barbieri & Andrea Lippi & Simone Rossi, 2021. "The Effect of Multiple Large Shareholders on Banks’ Profitability and Risk," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-15, February.
    16. Sakawa, Hideaki & Watanabel, Naoki, 2018. "Board structures and performance in the banking industry: Evidence from Japan," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 308-320.
    17. Attig, Najah & Cleary, Sean & El Ghoul, Sadok & Guedhami, Omrane, 2012. "Institutional investment horizon and investment–cash flow sensitivity," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1164-1180.
    18. Kabir, Md Nurul & Miah, Mohammad Dulal & Ali, Searat & Sharma, Parmendra, 2020. "Institutional and foreign ownership vis-à-vis default risk: Evidence from Japanese firms," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 469-493.
    19. Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W, 1997. "A Survey of Corporate Governance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(2), pages 737-783, June.
    20. Vikas Mehrotra & Randall Morck, 2017. "Governance and Stakeholders," NBER Working Papers 23460, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:3:p:1021-:d:314934. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.