IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v12y2020i11p4678-d368866.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Estimation of Direct and Indirect Household CO 2 Emissions in 49 Japanese Cities with Consideration of Regional Conditions

Author

Listed:
  • Yujiro Hirano

    (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Fukushima Environmental Creation Centre, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu Town, Tamura District, Fukushima 963-7700, Japan)

  • Tomohiko Ihara

    (The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan)

  • Masayuki Hara

    (Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan)

  • Keita Honjo

    (Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan)

Abstract

We conducted a detailed estimation of direct and indirect CO 2 emissions related to multi-person households in 49 Japanese cities. Direct energy consumption was decomposed into energy use in order to consider the relationship with regional conditions. The results showed that CO 2 emissions from direct energy consumption were almost as large as indirect CO 2 emissions induced by consuming products and services, suggesting that lifestyle improvements are important for both energy savings and reducing CO 2 emissions relating to product and service consumption. In addition, CO 2 emissions from direct energy consumption varied widely between cities, making them susceptible to regional conditions. We also calculated CO 2 emissions from direct energy consumption and examined the regional conditions for individual forms of energy use. CO 2 emissions were higher in cold regions and lower in larger cities. In Japan, large cities are often located in relatively warm areas, so we conducted an analysis to distinguish the effects of climatic conditions from those of urbanization. This analysis allowed us to clarify the effects of regional conditions on factors such as heating/cooling and the ratio of detached houses to apartments.

Suggested Citation

  • Yujiro Hirano & Tomohiko Ihara & Masayuki Hara & Keita Honjo, 2020. "Estimation of Direct and Indirect Household CO 2 Emissions in 49 Japanese Cities with Consideration of Regional Conditions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-17, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:11:p:4678-:d:368866
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/11/4678/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/11/4678/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Diamond, Rick, 2003. "A lifestyle-based scenario for US buildings: implications for energy use," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(12), pages 1205-1211, September.
    2. Perrels, Adriaan & Weber, Christoph, 2000. "Modelling Impacts of Lifestyle on Energy Demand and Related Emissions," Discussion Papers 228, VATT Institute for Economic Research.
    3. Hirano, Y. & Fujita, T., 2012. "Evaluation of the impact of the urban heat island on residential and commercial energy consumption in Tokyo," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 371-383.
    4. Keita Honjo & Masahiko Fujii, 2014. "Impacts of demographic, meteorological, and economic changes on household CO 2 emissions in the 47 prefectures of Japan," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6(1), pages 13-30, March.
    5. Keisuke Nansai & Shigemi Kagawa & Yasushi Kondo & Sangwon Suh & Rokuta Inaba & Kenichi Nakajima, 2009. "Improving The Completeness Of Product Carbon Footprints Using A Global Link Input-Output Model: The Case Of Japan," Economic Systems Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(3), pages 267-290.
    6. Bin, Shui & Dowlatabadi, Hadi, 2005. "Corrigendum to "Consumer lifestyles approach to US energy use and the related CO2 emissions": [Energy Policy 33 (2005) 197-208]," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(10), pages 1362-1363, July.
    7. Shiraki, Hiroto & Nakamura, Shogo & Ashina, Shuichi & Honjo, Keita, 2016. "Estimating the hourly electricity profile of Japanese households – Coupling of engineering and statistical methods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 478-491.
    8. Bin, Shui & Dowlatabadi, Hadi, 2005. "Consumer lifestyle approach to US energy use and the related CO2 emissions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 197-208, January.
    9. Weber, Christoph & Perrels, Adriaan, 2000. "Modelling lifestyle effects on energy demand and related emissions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 28(8), pages 549-566, July.
    10. Gyberg, Per & Palm, Jenny, 2009. "Influencing households' energy behaviour--how is this done and on what premises?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(7), pages 2807-2813, July.
    11. Shimoda, Yoshiyuki & Asahi, Takahiro & Taniguchi, Ayako & Mizuno, Minoru, 2007. "Evaluation of city-scale impact of residential energy conservation measures using the detailed end-use simulation model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(9), pages 1617-1633.
    12. Dai, Hancheng & Masui, Toshihiko & Matsuoka, Yuzuru & Fujimori, Shinichiro, 2012. "The impacts of China’s household consumption expenditure patterns on energy demand and carbon emissions towards 2050," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 736-750.
    13. Ryu Koide & Michael Lettenmeier & Satoshi Kojima & Viivi Toivio & Aryanie Amellina & Lewis Akenji, 2019. "Carbon Footprints and Consumer Lifestyles: An Analysis of Lifestyle Factors and Gap Analysis by Consumer Segment in Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-25, October.
    14. Gouveia, João Pedro & Fortes, Patrícia & Seixas, Júlia, 2012. "Projections of energy services demand for residential buildings: Insights from a bottom-up methodology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 430-442.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Irene M. Zarco-Soto & Fco. Javier Zarco-Soto & Pedro J. Zarco-Periñán, 2021. "Influence of Population Income on Energy Consumption and CO 2 Emissions in Buildings of Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-18, September.
    2. Umar Nawaz Kayani & Mochammad Fahlevi & Roohi Mumtaz & Reema Al Qaruty & Muzaffar Asad, 2023. "The Nexus between Carbon Emissions and Per Capita Income of Households: Evidence from Japanese Prefectures," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(6), pages 567-572, November.
    3. Pedro J. Zarco-Periñán & Fco Javier Zarco-Soto & Irene M. Zarco-Soto & José L. Martínez-Ramos & Rafael Sánchez-Durán, 2022. "CO 2 Emissions in Buildings: A Synopsis of Current Studies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-10, September.
    4. Charifa Haouraji & Badia Mounir & Ilham Mounir & Abdelmajid Farchi, 2021. "Exploring the Relationship between Residential CO 2 Emissions, Urbanization, Economic Growth, and Residential Energy Consumption: Evidence from the North Africa Region," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-19, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rui Huang & Shaohui Zhang & Changxin Liu, 2018. "Comparing Urban and Rural Household CO 2 Emissions—Case from China’s Four Megacities: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-17, May.
    2. Li, Jun & Zhang, Dayong & Su, Bin, 2019. "The Impact of Social Awareness and Lifestyles on Household Carbon Emissions in China," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 145-155.
    3. Nieves, J.A. & Aristizábal, A.J. & Dyner, I. & Báez, O. & Ospina, D.H., 2019. "Energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions analysis in Colombia: A LEAP model application," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 380-397.
    4. Yuan, Baolong & Ren, Shenggang & Chen, Xiaohong, 2015. "The effects of urbanization, consumption ratio and consumption structure on residential indirect CO2 emissions in China: A regional comparative analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 94-106.
    5. Sardianou, Eleni, 2007. "Estimating energy conservation patterns of Greek households," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(7), pages 3778-3791, July.
    6. Ryu Koide & Michael Lettenmeier & Satoshi Kojima & Viivi Toivio & Aryanie Amellina & Lewis Akenji, 2019. "Carbon Footprints and Consumer Lifestyles: An Analysis of Lifestyle Factors and Gap Analysis by Consumer Segment in Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-25, October.
    7. Kok, Rixt & Benders, Rene M.J. & Moll, Henri C., 2006. "Measuring the environmental load of household consumption using some methods based on input-output energy analysis: A comparison of methods and a discussion of results," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(17), pages 2744-2761, November.
    8. Muratori, Matteo & Moran, Michael J. & Serra, Emmanuele & Rizzoni, Giorgio, 2013. "Highly-resolved modeling of personal transportation energy consumption in the United States," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 168-177.
    9. Bai, Yin & Liu, Yong, 2013. "An exploration of residents’ low-carbon awareness and behavior in Tianjin, China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 1261-1270.
    10. Golley, Jane & Meng, Xin, 2012. "Income inequality and carbon dioxide emissions: The case of Chinese urban households," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 1864-1872.
    11. Tilov, Ivan & Farsi, Mehdi & Volland, Benjamin, 2019. "Interactions in Swiss households’ energy demand: A holistic approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 136-149.
    12. Ding, Qun & Cai, Wenjia & Wang, Can & Sanwal, Mukul, 2017. "The relationships between household consumption activities and energy consumption in china— An input-output analysis from the lifestyle perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 520-532.
    13. Yong Liu & Jin Liu & Yunpeng Su, 2021. "Low-Carbon Awareness and Behaviors: Effects of Exposure to Climate Change Impact Photographs," SAGE Open, , vol. 11(3), pages 21582440211, July.
    14. Stephan Schwarzinger & David Neil Bird & Tomas Moe Skjølsvold, 2019. "Identifying Consumer Lifestyles through Their Energy Impacts: Transforming Social Science Data into Policy-Relevant Group-Level Knowledge," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-22, November.
    15. Wiedenhofer, Dominik & Lenzen, Manfred & Steinberger, Julia K., 2013. "Energy requirements of consumption: Urban form, climatic and socio-economic factors, rebounds and their policy implications," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 696-707.
    16. Benders, Rene M.J. & Kok, Rixt & Moll, Henri C. & Wiersma, Gerwin & Noorman, Klaas Jan, 2006. "New approaches for household energy conservation--In search of personal household energy budgets and energy reduction options," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(18), pages 3612-3622, December.
    17. Zhang, Junjie & Yu, Biying & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2018. "Heterogeneous impacts of households on carbon dioxide emissions in Chinese provinces," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 236-252.
    18. Schmidt, Stephan & Weigt, Hannes, 2013. "A Review on Energy Consumption from a Socio-Economic Perspective: Reduction through Energy Efficiency and Beyond," Working papers 2013/15, Faculty of Business and Economics - University of Basel.
    19. Xinkuo Xu & Liyan Han, 2017. "Diverse Effects of Consumer Credit on Household Carbon Emissions at Quantiles: Evidence from Urban China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-25, September.
    20. Selima Sultana & Nastaran Pourebrahim & Hyojin Kim, 2018. "Household Energy Expenditures in North Carolina: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-22, May.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:11:p:4678-:d:368866. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.