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Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging

Author

Listed:
  • Jorge Nájera

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain)

  • Pablo Moreno-Torres

    (Wynnertech S.L., 28906 Madrid, Spain)

  • Marcos Lafoz

    (CIEMAT, Government of Spain, 28040 Madrid, Spain)

  • Rosa M. De Castro

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain)

  • Jaime R. Arribas

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain)

Abstract

This paper focuses on Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS), consisting of a combination of batteries and Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC), for electric urban busses. The aim of the paper is to develop a methodology to determine the hybridization percentage that allows the electric bus to work with the highest efficiency while reducing battery aging, depending on the chosen topology, control strategy, and driving cycle. Three power electronic topologies are qualitatively analyzed based on different criteria, with the topology selected as the favorite being analyzed in detail. The whole system under study is comprised of the following elements: a battery pack (LiFePO4 batteries), an EDLC pack, up to two DC-DC converters (depending on the topology), and an equivalent load, which behaves as an electric bus drive (including motion resistances and inertia). Mathematical models for the battery, EDLCs, DC-DC converter, and the vehicle itself are developed for this analysis. The methodology presented in this work, as the main scientific contribution, considers performance variation (energy efficiency and battery aging) and hybridization percentage (ratio between batteries and EDLCs, defined in terms of mass), using a power load profile based on standard driving cycles. The results state that there is a hybridization percentage that increases energy efficiency and reduces battery aging, maximizing the economic benefits of the vehicle, for every combination of topology, type of storage device, control strategy, and driving cycle.

Suggested Citation

  • Jorge Nájera & Pablo Moreno-Torres & Marcos Lafoz & Rosa M. De Castro & Jaime R. Arribas, 2017. "Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:11:p:1708-:d:116496
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Fang Zhou & Feng Xiao & Cheng Chang & Yulong Shao & Chuanxue Song, 2017. "Adaptive Model Predictive Control-Based Energy Management for Semi-Active Hybrid Energy Storage Systems on Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-21, July.
    4. Eliana Arango & Carlos Andres Ramos-Paja & Javier Calvente & Roberto Giral & Sergio Serna, 2012. "Asymmetrical Interleaved DC/DC Switching Converters for Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell Applications—Part 1: Circuit Generation, Analysis and Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(11), pages 1-34, November.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Danijel Pavković & Mihael Cipek & Zdenko Kljaić & Tomislav Josip Mlinarić & Mario Hrgetić & Davor Zorc, 2018. "Damping Optimum-Based Design of Control Strategy Suitable for Battery/Ultracapacitor Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-26, October.
    3. Fabian Steger & Jonathan Krogh & Lasantha Meegahapola & Hans-Georg Schweiger, 2022. "Calculating Available Charge and Energy of Lithium-Ion Cells Based on OCV and Internal Resistance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-23, October.
    4. Andrzej Łebkowski, 2019. "Studies of Energy Consumption by a City Bus Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System in Variable Road Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-39, March.
    5. Edwin R. Grijalva & José María López Martínez, 2019. "Analysis of the Reduction of CO 2 Emissions in Urban Environments by Replacing Conventional City Buses by Electric Bus Fleets: Spain Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-31, February.
    6. Manzolli, Jônatas Augusto & Trovão, João Pedro & Antunes, Carlos Henggeler, 2022. "A review of electric bus vehicles research topics – Methods and trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    7. Muhammad Umair Mutarraf & Yacine Terriche & Kamran Ali Khan Niazi & Juan C. Vasquez & Josep M. Guerrero, 2018. "Energy Storage Systems for Shipboard Microgrids—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-32, December.

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