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On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles-Part 2: Solid Particle Number Emissions

Author

Listed:
  • Anastasios Melas

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Tommaso Selleri

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Jacopo Franzetti

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Christian Ferrarese

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Barouch Giechaskiel

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy)

Abstract

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are a promising technology for reducing the tailpipe emissions of CO 2 as well as air pollutants, especially in urban environments. However, several studies raise questions over their after-treatment exhaust efficiency when their internal combustion engine (ICE) ignites. The rationale is the high ICE load during the cold start in combination with the cold conditions of the after-treatment devices. In this study, we measured the solid particle number (SPN) emissions of two Euro 6d and one Euro 6d-TEMP gasoline direct injection (GDI) PHEVs (electric range 52–61 km) all equipped with a gasoline particulate filter, in the laboratory and on-road with different states of charge of the rechargeable electric energy storage system (REESS) and ambient temperatures. All vehicles met the regulation limits but it was observed that, even for fully charged REESS, when the ICE ignited SPN emissions were similar or even higher in some cases compared to the operation of these vehicles solely with their ICE (discharged REESS) and also when compared to conventional GDI vehicles. On-road SPN emission rate spikes during the first 30 s after a cold start were, on average, 2 to 15 times higher with charged compared to discharged REESS due to higher SPN concentrations and exhaust flow rates. For one vehicle in the laboratory under identical driving conditions, the ICE ignition at high load resulted in 10-times-higher SPN emission rate spikes at cold-start compared to hot-start. At −10 °C, for all tested vehicles, the ICE ignited at the beginning of the cycle even when the REESS was fully charged, and SPN emissions increased from 30% to 80% compared to the cycle at 23 °C in which the ICE ignited. The concentration of particles below 23 nm, which is the currently regulated lower particle size, was low (≤18%), showing that particles larger than 23 nm were mainly emitted irrespective of cold or hot engine operation and ambient temperature.

Suggested Citation

  • Anastasios Melas & Tommaso Selleri & Jacopo Franzetti & Christian Ferrarese & Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa & Barouch Giechaskiel, 2022. "On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles-Part 2: Solid Particle Number Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-15, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:14:p:5266-:d:867440
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Stergios Statharas & Yannis Moysoglou & Pelopidas Siskos & Georgios Zazias & Pantelis Capros, 2019. "Factors Influencing Electric Vehicle Penetration in the EU by 2030: A Model-Based Policy Assessment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-25, July.
    2. Evangelos G. Giakoumis & Alexandros T. Zachiotis, 2017. "Investigation of a Diesel-Engined Vehicle’s Performance and Emissions during the WLTC Driving Cycle—Comparison with the NEDC," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-19, February.
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    1. Artur Jaworski & Hubert Kuszewski & Krzysztof Lew & Paweł Wojewoda & Krzysztof Balawender & Paweł Woś & Rafał Longwic & Sergii Boichenko, 2023. "Assessment of the Effect of Road Load on Energy Consumption and Exhaust Emissions of a Hybrid Vehicle in an Urban Road Driving Cycle—Comparison of Road and Chassis Dynamometer Tests," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-20, July.
    2. Wojciech Cieslik & Weronika Antczak, 2023. "Research of Load Impact on Energy Consumption in an Electric Delivery Vehicle Based on Real Driving Conditions: Guidance for Electrification of Light-Duty Vehicle Fleet," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-19, January.
    3. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek & Szymon Konieczka, 2023. "Comparison of the Energy Consumption and Exhaust Emissions between Hybrid and Conventional Vehicles, as Well as Electric Vehicles Fitted with a Range Extender," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-17, June.

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