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Banking consolidation, credit crisis and asset quality in a fragile banking system

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  • Abel E. Ezeoha

Abstract

Purpose - The aim of this paper is to identify the major determinants of bank asset quality in an era of regulation‐induced industry consolidation, using the Nigerian case to demonstrate how consolidation can heighten incidences of non‐performing credits in a fragile banking environment. Design/methodology/approach - The paper makes use of panel data from 19 out of a total of 25 banks operating in Nigeria. A multivariate constant coefficient regression model is adopted as the estimation technique. The dependent variable in the model is quality of bank assets, proxied as the proportion of non‐performing loans (NPL) to total loans; while operating efficiency, profitability, asset liquidity, loans to deposits ratio, predictability of depositors' behaviour, size of bank capital, and board skill constitute the exogenous variables. Findings - The study reveals that deterioration in asset quality and increased credit crisis in the Nigerian banking industry between the periods 2004 and 2008 were exacerbated by the inability of banks to optimally use their huge asset capacity to enhance their earnings profiles. It shows that excess liquidity syndrome and relatively huge capital bases fueled reckless lending by banks; and that increase in the level of unsecured credits in banks' portfolios ironically helped to mitigate the level of NPL within the studied period. Research limitations/implications - The findings here should be interpreted with caution. The reason is because of the relatively fewer number of observations and the likely biases associated with the use of pooled regression approach. Originality/value - This paper is one of the first to investigate the specific impact of banking consolidation on the quality of bank assets in an underdeveloped financial system. Among such countries facing such challenge, the Nigerian case is unique considering that the 2004/2005 banking consolidation in the country was recorded as the largest in the history of banking in Africa. The findings here make clearer the policy/practical implications of using regulation‐induced consolidation to pursue the goal of increased credit flows in a less developed financial system.

Suggested Citation

  • Abel E. Ezeoha, 2011. "Banking consolidation, credit crisis and asset quality in a fragile banking system," Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 19(1), pages 33-44, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:eme:jfrcpp:v:19:y:2011:i:1:p:33-44
    DOI: 10.1108/13581981111106158
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Alias Mat Nor, 2015. "Impaired Financing Determinants of Islamic Banks in Malaysia," Information Management and Business Review, AMH International, vol. 7(3), pages 17-25.
    3. Atoi, Ngozi Victor, 2018. "Non-performing Loan and its Effects on Banking Stability: Evidence from National and International Licensed Banks in Nigeria," MPRA Paper 99709, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Osoro, Jared & Josea, Kiplangat, 2020. "Market power and intermediation efficiency in Kenya: Blind spots and empirical clarity," KBA Centre for Research on Financial Markets and Policy Working Paper Series 39, Kenya Bankers Association (KBA).
    5. Kariuki, Caroline & Kimundi, Gillian & Makambi, Steve, 2018. "The nexus between financial inclusion and financial stability: Credit, savings and asset quality of Kenyan banks," KBA Centre for Research on Financial Markets and Policy Working Paper Series 29, Kenya Bankers Association (KBA).

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