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The consequences of early menopause and menopause symptoms for labour market participation

Author

Listed:
  • Bryson, Alex
  • Conti, Gabriella
  • Hardy, Rebecca
  • Peycheva, Darina
  • Sullivan, Alice

Abstract

Using a difference-in-difference estimator we identify the causal impact of early menopause and menopause symptoms on the time women spend in employment through to their mid-50s. We find the onset of early natural menopause (before age 45) reduces months spent in employment by 9 percentage points once women enter their 50s compared with women who do not experience early menopause. Early menopause is not associated with a difference in full-time employment rates. The number of menopause symptoms women face at age 50 is associated with lower employment rates: each additional symptom lowers employment rates and full-time employment rates by around half a percentage point. But not all symptoms have the same effects. Vasomotor symptoms tend not to be associated with lower employment rates, whereas the employment of women who suffer psychological problems due to menopause is adversely affected. Every additional psychological problem associated with menopause reduces employment and full-time employment rates by 1–2 percentage points, rising to 2–4 percentage points when those symptoms are reported as particularly bothersome.

Suggested Citation

  • Bryson, Alex & Conti, Gabriella & Hardy, Rebecca & Peycheva, Darina & Sullivan, Alice, 2022. "The consequences of early menopause and menopause symptoms for labour market participation," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:293:y:2022:i:c:s027795362101008x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114676
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Andrea Ichino & Enrico Moretti, 2009. "Biological Gender Differences, Absenteeism, and the Earnings Gap," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 1(1), pages 183-218, January.
    2. Emily Oster, 2019. "Unobservable Selection and Coefficient Stability: Theory and Evidence," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(2), pages 187-204, April.
    3. Marianne Bertrand & Esther Duflo & Sendhil Mullainathan, 2004. "How Much Should We Trust Differences-In-Differences Estimates?," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 119(1), pages 249-275.
    4. Sam Parsons & Alex Bryson & Alice Sullivan, 2021. "Teenage conduct problems: a lifetime of disadvantage in the labour market?," DoQSS Working Papers 21-22, Quantitative Social Science - UCL Social Research Institute, University College London.
    5. Goodman-Bacon, Andrew, 2021. "Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 225(2), pages 254-277.
    6. Bryson, Alex & Joshi, Heather & Wielgoszewska, Bożena & Wilkinson, David, 2020. "A Short History of the Gender Wage Gap in Britain," IZA Discussion Papers 13289, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Menopause; Early menopause; Menopausal symptoms; Vasomotor symptoms; Employment; Full-time employment; Birth cohort;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I1 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health
    • J01 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - General - - - Labor Economics: General

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