IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v121y2020ics1364032119308950.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Unpacking the complexity of community microgrids: A review of institutions’ roles for development of microgrids

Author

Listed:
  • Warneryd, Martin
  • Håkansson, Maria
  • Karltorp, Kersti

Abstract

Community microgrids implemented in existing electricity grids can meet both development targets set out in the Paris agreement: 1. mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through increased implementation of renewable energy sources, and 2. to adapt to climate related disturbances and risk of catastrophes. Community microgrids are, however, complex to implement and institutional change is needed to reach their full potential. The purpose of this article is to review existing literature and analyze institutional developments influencing the growth of community microgrids. The literature describes a concentration of microgrid activities in specific regions: USA, EU, Asia and Australia. Varying reasons for implementing community microgrids were found in the different regions but similar institutional developments occurred, albeit with differing emphasis due to contextual specificities. Formal directions do however influence informal institutions even though their aims differ. Power utilities stand out as a critical actor and both formal and informal institutions put pressure on utilities to update their traditional business models. This article illustrates how informal and formal institutions play a significant role in the growth of community microgrids in existing electricity grids and provide interesting examples which can be utilized by policymakers. Microgrid development is still in a formative phase and further institutional change in the form of updated regulations is needed.

Suggested Citation

  • Warneryd, Martin & Håkansson, Maria & Karltorp, Kersti, 2020. "Unpacking the complexity of community microgrids: A review of institutions’ roles for development of microgrids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:121:y:2020:i:c:s1364032119308950
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109690
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032119308950
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109690?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Schot, Johan & Kanger, Laur, 2018. "Deep transitions: Emergence, acceleration, stabilization and directionality," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(6), pages 1045-1059.
    2. Stadler, Michael & Cardoso, Gonçalo & Mashayekh, Salman & Forget, Thibault & DeForest, Nicholas & Agarwal, Ankit & Schönbein, Anna, 2016. "Value streams in microgrids: A literature review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 980-989.
    3. Bento, Nuno & Wilson, Charlie & Anadon, Laura Diaz, 2018. "Time to get ready: Conceptualizing the temporal and spatial dynamics of formative phases for energy technologies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 282-293.
    4. Romankiewicz, John & Marnay, Chris & Zhou, Nan & Qu, Min, 2014. "Lessons from international experience for China's microgrid demonstration program," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 198-208.
    5. Smith, Adrian & Raven, Rob, 2012. "What is protective space? Reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainability," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 41(6), pages 1025-1036.
    6. Adil, Ali M. & Ko, Yekang, 2016. "Socio-technical evolution of Decentralized Energy Systems: A critical review and implications for urban planning and policy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 1025-1037.
    7. Hirsch, Adam & Parag, Yael & Guerrero, Josep, 2018. "Microgrids: A review of technologies, key drivers, and outstanding issues," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 402-411.
    8. Sung-Young Kim, 2019. "Hybridized industrial ecosystems and the makings of a new developmental infrastructure in East Asia’s green energy sector," Review of International Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(1), pages 158-182, January.
    9. Feng, Wei & Jin, Ming & Liu, Xu & Bao, Yi & Marnay, Chris & Yao, Cheng & Yu, Jiancheng, 2018. "A review of microgrid development in the United States – A decade of progress on policies, demonstrations, controls, and software tools," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1656-1668.
    10. Martin-Martínez, F. & Sánchez-Miralles, A. & Rivier, M., 2016. "A literature review of Microgrids: A functional layer based classification," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1133-1153.
    11. Abu-Sharkh, S. & Arnold, R.J. & Kohler, J. & Li, R. & Markvart, T. & Ross, J.N. & Steemers, K. & Wilson, P. & Yao, R., 2006. "Can microgrids make a major contribution to UK energy supply?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 10(2), pages 78-127, April.
    12. Jacobsson, Staffan & Lauber, Volkmar, 2006. "The politics and policy of energy system transformation--explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 256-276, February.
    13. Giotitsas, Chris & Pazaitis, Alex & Kostakis, Vasilis, 2015. "A peer-to-peer approach to energy production," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 28-38.
    14. Walker, Gordon & Devine-Wright, Patrick, 2008. "Community renewable energy: What should it mean," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 497-500, February.
    15. van der Schoor, Tineke & Scholtens, Bert, 2015. "Power to the people: Local community initiatives and the transition to sustainable energy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 666-675.
    16. Geels, Frank W. & Schot, Johan, 2007. "Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 399-417, April.
    17. Seyfang, Gill & Park, Jung Jin & Smith, Adrian, 2013. "A thousand flowers blooming? An examination of community energy in the UK," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 977-989.
    18. Ortzi Akizu & Gorka Bueno & Iñaki Barcena & Erol Kurt & Nurettin Topaloğlu & Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede, 2018. "Contributions of Bottom-Up Energy Transitions in Germany: A Case Study Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-21, April.
    19. Amjad Ali & Wuhua Li & Rashid Hussain & Xiangning He & Barry W. Williams & Abdul Hameed Memon, 2017. "Overview of Current Microgrid Policies, Incentives and Barriers in the European Union, United States and China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-28, June.
    20. Mariam, Lubna & Basu, Malabika & Conlon, Michael F., 2016. "Microgrid: Architecture, policy and future trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 477-489.
    21. Provata, Elena & Kolokotsa, Dionysia & Papantoniou, Sotiris & Pietrini, Maila & Giovannelli, Antonio & Romiti, Gino, 2015. "Development of optimization algorithms for the Leaf Community microgrid," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 782-795.
    22. Green, Jemma & Newman, Peter, 2017. "Citizen utilities: The emerging power paradigm," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 283-293.
    23. Geels, Frank W., 2002. "Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(8-9), pages 1257-1274, December.
    24. Jose Luis Torres-Moreno & Antonio Gimenez-Fernandez & Manuel Perez-Garcia & Francisco Rodriguez, 2018. "Energy Management Strategy for Micro-Grids with PV-Battery Systems and Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-13, February.
    25. Tian-tian Feng & Yi-sheng Yang & Yu-heng Yang & Dan-dan Wang, 2017. "Application Status and Problem Investigation of Distributed Generation in China: The Case of Natural Gas, Solar and Wind Resources," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-19, June.
    26. Hong, Ying-Yi & Chang, Wen-Chun & Chang, Yung-Ruei & Lee, Yih-Der & Ouyang, Der-Chuan, 2017. "Optimal sizing of renewable energy generations in a community microgrid using Markov model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 68-74.
    27. Koirala, Binod Prasad & Koliou, Elta & Friege, Jonas & Hakvoort, Rudi A. & Herder, Paulien M., 2016. "Energetic communities for community energy: A review of key issues and trends shaping integrated community energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 722-744.
    28. Magnusson, Thomas & Berggren, Christian, 2018. "Competing innovation systems and the need for redeployment in sustainability transitions," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 217-230.
    29. Mengelkamp, Esther & Gärttner, Johannes & Rock, Kerstin & Kessler, Scott & Orsini, Lawrence & Weinhardt, Christof, 2018. "Designing microgrid energy markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 870-880.
    30. Soshinskaya, Mariya & Crijns-Graus, Wina H.J. & Guerrero, Josep M. & Vasquez, Juan C., 2014. "Microgrids: Experiences, barriers and success factors," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 659-672.
    31. Wustenhagen, Rolf & Wolsink, Maarten & Burer, Mary Jean, 2007. "Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 2683-2691, May.
    32. North, Douglass C, 1994. "Economic Performance through Time," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 84(3), pages 359-368, June.
    33. Markard, Jochen & Truffer, Bernhard, 2008. "Technological innovation systems and the multi-level perspective: Towards an integrated framework," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 596-615, May.
    34. Freeman, Chris & Louca, Francisco, 2002. "As Time Goes By: From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199251056, Decembrie.
    35. ., 1998. "Technological Change," Chapters, in: Heinz D. Kurz & Neri Salvadori (ed.), The Elgar Companion to Classical Economics, volume 0, chapter 127, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    36. Bergek, Anna & Jacobsson, Staffan & Carlsson, Bo & Lindmark, Sven & Rickne, Annika, 2008. "Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: A scheme of analysis," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 407-429, April.
    37. Schuman, Sara & Lin, Alvin, 2012. "China's Renewable Energy Law and its impact on renewable power in China: Progress, challenges and recommendations for improving implementation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 89-109.
    38. Aghaei, Jamshid & Alizadeh, Mohammad-Iman, 2013. "Demand response in smart electricity grids equipped with renewable energy sources: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 64-72.
    39. Bauwens, Thomas & Devine-Wright, Patrick, 2018. "Positive energies? An empirical study of community energy participation and attitudes to renewable energy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 612-625.
    40. Kavadias, K.A. & Apostolou, D. & Kaldellis, J.K., 2018. "Modelling and optimisation of a hydrogen-based energy storage system in an autonomous electrical network," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C), pages 574-586.
    41. Gui, Emi Minghui & Diesendorf, Mark & MacGill, Iain, 2017. "Distributed energy infrastructure paradigm: Community microgrids in a new institutional economics context," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 1355-1365.
    42. Hana Kim, 2017. "A Community Energy Transition Model for Urban Areas: The Energy Self-Reliant Village Program in Seoul, South Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-18, July.
    43. Smith, Adrian & Voß, Jan-Peter & Grin, John, 2010. "Innovation studies and sustainability transitions: The allure of the multi-level perspective and its challenges," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(4), pages 435-448, May.
    44. Hicks, Jarra & Ison, Nicola, 2018. "An exploration of the boundaries of ‘community’ in community renewable energy projects: Navigating between motivations and context," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 523-534.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Golla, Armin & Röhrig, Nicole & Staudt, Philipp & Weinhardt, Christof, 2022. "Evaluating the impact of regulation on the path of electrification in Citizen Energy Communities with prosumer investment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 319(C).
    2. Shang, Ce & Lin, Teng & Li, Canbing & Wang, Keyou & Ai, Qian, 2021. "Joining resilience and reliability evaluation against both weather and ageing causes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    3. Jiang, Jianhua & Zhou, Renjie & Xu, Hao & Wang, Hao & Wu, Ping & Wang, Zhuo & Li, Jian, 2022. "Optimal sizing, operation strategy and case study of a grid-connected solid oxide fuel cell microgrid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    4. Soheil Mohseni & Alan C. Brent & Daniel Burmester, 2020. "Community Resilience-Oriented Optimal Micro-Grid Capacity Expansion Planning: The Case of Totarabank Eco-Village, New Zealand," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-29, August.
    5. Bossink, Bart, 2020. "Learning strategies in sustainable energy demonstration projects: What organizations learn from sustainable energy demonstrations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    6. Kaczmarski, Jesse I., 2022. "Public support for community microgrid services," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    7. Norouzi, Farshid & Hoppe, Thomas & Elizondo, Laura Ramirez & Bauer, Pavol, 2022. "A review of socio-technical barriers to Smart Microgrid development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    8. Onu, Uchenna Godswill & Zambroni de Souza, Antonio Carlos & Bonatto, Benedito Donizeti, 2023. "Drivers of microgrid projects in developed and developing economies," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    9. Shi, Jiaqi & Ma, Liya & Li, Chenchen & Liu, Nian & Zhang, Jianhua, 2022. "A comprehensive review of standards for distributed energy resource grid-integration and microgrid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    10. Gayo-Abeleira, Miguel & Santos, Carlos & Javier Rodríguez Sánchez, Francisco & Martín, Pedro & Antonio Jiménez, José & Santiso, Enrique, 2022. "Aperiodic two-layer energy management system for community microgrids based on blockchain strategy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    11. Lenhart, Stephanie & Araújo, Kathleen, 2021. "Microgrid decision-making by public power utilities in the United States: A critical assessment of adoption and technological profiles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    12. Tomin, Nikita & Shakirov, Vladislav & Kozlov, Aleksander & Sidorov, Denis & Kurbatsky, Victor & Rehtanz, Christian & Lora, Electo E.S., 2022. "Design and optimal energy management of community microgrids with flexible renewable energy sources," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 903-921.
    13. Viktor Bukovszki & Ábel Magyari & Marina Kristina Braun & Kitti Párdi & András Reith, 2020. "Energy Modelling as a Trigger for Energy Communities: A Joint Socio-Technical Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-44, May.
    14. Romain Mannini & Julien Eynard & Stéphane Grieu, 2022. "A Survey of Recent Advances in the Smart Management of Microgrids and Networked Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-37, September.
    15. Simon Wright & Mark Frost & Alfred Wong & Kevin A. Parton, 2022. "Australian Renewable-Energy Microgrids: A Humble Past, a Turbulent Present, a Propitious Future," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-19, February.
    16. Maarten Wolsink, 2020. "Framing in Renewable Energy Policies: A Glossary," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-31, June.
    17. Backe, Stian & Zwickl-Bernhard, Sebastian & Schwabeneder, Daniel & Auer, Hans & Korpås, Magnus & Tomasgard, Asgeir, 2022. "Impact of energy communities on the European electricity and heating system decarbonization pathway: Comparing local and global flexibility responses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    18. Tomin, Nikita & Shakirov, Vladislav & Kurbatsky, Victor & Muzychuk, Roman & Popova, Ekaterina & Sidorov, Denis & Kozlov, Alexandr & Yang, Dechang, 2022. "A multi-criteria approach to designing and managing a renewable energy community," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 1153-1175.
    19. Bustos, Roberto & Marín, Luis G. & Navas-Fonseca, Alex & Reyes-Chamorro, Lorenzo & Sáez, Doris, 2023. "Hierarchical energy management system for multi-microgrid coordination with demand-side management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    20. Behrendt, Jamie, 2023. "Microgrids and EU law: Three Microgrid models to solve one regulatory puzzle," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C).
    21. Lode, M.L. & te Boveldt, G. & Coosemans, T. & Ramirez Camargo, L., 2022. "A transition perspective on Energy Communities: A systematic literature review and research agenda," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    22. Azimian, Mahdi & Amir, Vahid & Mohseni, Soheil & Brent, Alan C. & Bazmohammadi, Najmeh & Guerrero, Josep M., 2022. "Optimal Investment Planning of Bankable Multi-Carrier Microgrid Networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    23. Mohseni, Soheil & Khalid, Roomana & Brent, Alan C., 2023. "Stochastic, resilience-oriented optimal sizing of off-grid microgrids considering EV-charging demand response: An efficiency comparison of state-of-the-art metaheuristics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    24. Proudlove, Richard & Finch, Sue & Thomas, Sebastian, 2020. "Factors influencing intention to invest in a community owned renewable energy initiative in Queensland, Australia," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Farrelly, M.A. & Tawfik, S., 2020. "Engaging in disruption: A review of emerging microgrids in Victoria, Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    2. Norouzi, Farshid & Hoppe, Thomas & Elizondo, Laura Ramirez & Bauer, Pavol, 2022. "A review of socio-technical barriers to Smart Microgrid development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    3. Antoine Boche & Clément Foucher & Luiz Fernando Lavado Villa, 2022. "Understanding Microgrid Sustainability: A Systemic and Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-29, April.
    4. Maarten Wolsink, 2020. "Framing in Renewable Energy Policies: A Glossary," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-31, June.
    5. Attila Havas & Doris Schartinger & K. Matthias Weber, 2022. "Innovation Studies, Social Innovation, and Sustainability Transitions Research: From mutual ignorance towards an integrative perspective?," CERS-IE WORKING PAPERS 2227, Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies.
    6. Markard, Jochen & Raven, Rob & Truffer, Bernhard, 2012. "Sustainability transitions: An emerging field of research and its prospects," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 41(6), pages 955-967.
    7. Andersen, Allan Dahl & Markard, Jochen, 2020. "Multi-technology interaction in socio-technical transitions: How recent dynamics in HVDC technology can inform transition theories," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    8. Jay Sterling Gregg & Sophie Nyborg & Meiken Hansen & Valeria Jana Schwanitz & August Wierling & Jan Pedro Zeiss & Sarah Delvaux & Victor Saenz & Lucia Polo-Alvarez & Chiara Candelise & Winston Gilcrea, 2020. "Collective Action and Social Innovation in the Energy Sector: A Mobilization Model Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-24, February.
    9. Raven, Rob & Walrave, Bob, 2020. "Overcoming transformational failures through policy mixes in the dynamics of technological innovation systems," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    10. Palm, Alvar, 2022. "Innovation systems for technology diffusion: An analytical framework and two case studies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    11. Busch, Henner & Ruggiero, Salvatore & Isakovic, Aljosa & Hansen, Teis, 2021. "Policy challenges to community energy in the EU: A systematic review of the scientific literature," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    12. Walrave, Bob & Raven, Rob, 2016. "Modelling the dynamics of technological innovation systems," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(9), pages 1833-1844.
    13. Monk, Alexander & Perkins, Richard, 2020. "What explains the emergence and diffusion of green bonds?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    14. Edsand, Hans-Erik, 2019. "Technological innovation system and the wider context: A framework for developing countries," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    15. Filippo Celata & Venere Stefania sanna, "undated". "Community activism and sustainability: a multi-dimensional assessment," Working Papers 137/14, Sapienza University of Rome, Metodi e Modelli per l'Economia, il Territorio e la Finanza MEMOTEF.
    16. Wolsink, Maarten, 2020. "Distributed energy systems as common goods: Socio-political acceptance of renewables in intelligent microgrids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    17. Thomas Sachs & Anna Gründler & Milos Rusic & Gilbert Fridgen, 2019. "Framing Microgrid Design from a Business and Information Systems Engineering Perspective," Business & Information Systems Engineering: The International Journal of WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK, Springer;Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. (GI), vol. 61(6), pages 729-744, December.
    18. Miguel Carpintero-Rentería & David Santos-Martín & Josep M. Guerrero, 2019. "Microgrids Literature Review through a Layers Structure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-22, November.
    19. Fagerberg, Jan, 2018. "Mobilizing innovation for sustainability transitions: A comment on transformative innovation policy," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(9), pages 1568-1576.
    20. Kriechbaum, Michael & Posch, Alfred & Hauswiesner, Angelika, 2021. "Hype cycles during socio-technical transitions: The dynamics of collective expectations about renewable energy in Germany," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(9).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:121:y:2020:i:c:s1364032119308950. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.