IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/joreco/v66y2022ics0969698922000327.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The manifestation of luxury value dimensions in brand engagement in self-concept

Author

Listed:
  • Ostovan, Nima
  • Khalili Nasr, Arash

Abstract

This research investigates what consumers in democratized luxury markets value when purchasing luxury items. Nonetheless, these consumers have a limited budget and can not always buy luxury items, yet they are drawn back to these luxury brands. Thus, we use brand engagement in self-concept (BESC) to explain the relationship between these consumers and luxury brands within democratized luxury markets. A conceptualized model of three luxury value dimensions (experiential, symbolic, and functional) is proposed, and 488 cases were gathered through a phone survey. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that the most critical drivers of consumers' luxury purchase intention (LPI) are hedonism, escapism, conspicuousness, quality, and usability in democratized luxury markets. Also, BESC can unify luxury value dimensions into an integrated whole and mediate the relationship between them and LPI.

Suggested Citation

  • Ostovan, Nima & Khalili Nasr, Arash, 2022. "The manifestation of luxury value dimensions in brand engagement in self-concept," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:joreco:v:66:y:2022:i:c:s0969698922000327
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.102939
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969698922000327
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.102939?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mona Mrad & Maya F. Farah & Stephanie Haddad, 2019. "From Karl Lagerfeld to Erdem: a series of collaborations between designer luxury brands and fast-fashion brands," Journal of Brand Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 26(5), pages 567-582, September.
    2. Thorstein Veblen, 1899. "Mr. Cummings's Strictures on "The Theory of the Leisure Class"," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 8(1), pages 106-106.
    3. Jung, Jaesuk & Yu, Jihye & Seo, Yuri & Ko, Eunju, 2021. "Consumer experiences of virtual reality: Insights from VR luxury brand fashion shows," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 517-524.
    4. Inwon Kang & Jiwon Lee & Matthew Shin & Geon-Cheol Shin, 2014. "Brand competency as a market segmentation method for brand R&D in the Asian luxury market," Service Business, Springer;Pan-Pacific Business Association, vol. 8(1), pages 113-133, March.
    5. Tian, Kelly Tepper & Bearden, William O & Hunter, Gary L, 2001. "Consumer's Need for Uniqueness: Scale Development and Validation," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 28(1), pages 50-66, June.
    6. Holmqvist, Jonas & Wirtz, Jochen & Fritze, Martin P., 2020. "Luxury in the digital age: A multi-actor service encounter perspective," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 747-756.
    7. Wilfred Amaldoss & Sanjay Jain, 2005. "Conspicuous Consumption and Sophisticated Thinking," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 51(10), pages 1449-1466, October.
    8. Siahtiri, Vida & Lee, Wai Jin (Thomas), 2019. "How do materialists choose prominent brands in emerging markets?," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 133-138.
    9. Belk, Russell W, 1988. "Possessions and the Extended Self," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 15(2), pages 139-168, September.
    10. Gilles Laurent & B. Dubois, 1994. "Attitudes Towards the Concept of Luxury: an exploratory analysis," Post-Print hal-00829066, HAL.
    11. Alev Kocak Alan & Inci Dursun & Ebru Tumer Kabadayi & Kenan Aydin & Fikret Anlagan, 2016. "What Influences the Repurchase Intention for Luxury Brands?-The Relative Impacts of Luxury Value Dimensions," International Business Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 9(5), pages 11-24, May.
    12. Zhang, Qiao & Chen, Jing & Lin, Jun, 2022. "Market targeting with social influences and risk aversion in a co-branding alliance," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 297(1), pages 301-318.
    13. Chun-Tuan Chang & Xing-Yu (Marcos) Chu, 2020. "The give and take of cause-related marketing: purchasing cause-related products licenses consumer indulgence," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 48(2), pages 203-221, March.
    14. Jonas Holmqvist & Luca Visconti & Christian Grönroos & Blandine Guais & Aurélie Kessous, 2020. "Understanding the value process: Value creation in a luxury service context," Post-Print hal-03511392, HAL.
    15. Bearden, William O & Netemeyer, Richard G & Teel, Jesse E, 1989. "Measurement of Consumer Susceptibility to Interpersonal Influence," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 15(4), pages 473-481, March.
    16. Hollebeek, Linda D., 2013. "The customer engagement/value interface: An exploratory investigation," Australasian marketing journal, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 17-24.
    17. Sarah Yini Gao & Wei Shi Lim & Christopher S. Tang, 2017. "Entry of Copycats of Luxury Brands," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 36(2), pages 274-289, March.
    18. Maryam Kouchaki & Ata Jami, 2018. "Everything We Do, You Do: The Licensing Effect of Prosocial Marketing Messages on Consumer Behavior," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 64(1), pages 102-111, January.
    19. Gierl, Heribert & Huettl, Verena, 2010. "Are scarce products always more attractive? The interaction of different types of scarcity signals with products' suitability for conspicuous consumption," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 225-235.
    20. Cristini, Hélène & Kauppinen-Räisänen, Hannele & Barthod-Prothade, Mireille & Woodside, Arch, 2017. "Toward a general theory of luxury: Advancing from workbench definitions and theoretical transformations," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 101-107.
    21. Pengji Wang & Adrian T. H. Kuah & Qinye Lu & Caroline Wong & K. Thirumaran & Emmanuel Adegbite & Wesley Kendall, 2021. "The impact of value perceptions on purchase intention of sustainable luxury brands in China and the UK," Journal of Brand Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 28(3), pages 325-346, May.
    22. Gilles Laurent & B. Dubois, 1998. "Luxuries for the Happy Many," Post-Print hal-00821729, HAL.
    23. Shen, Bin & Qian, Rongrong & Choi, Tsan-Ming, 2017. "Selling luxury fashion online with social influences considerations: Demand changes and supply chain coordination," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 89-99.
    24. Lacroix, Caroline & Jolibert, Alain, 2017. "Mediational role of perceived personal legacy value between consumer agentic generativity and attitudes/buying intentions toward luxury brands," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 203-211.
    25. Bahri-Ammari, Nedra & Coulibaly, Daouda & Ben Mimoun, Mohamed Slim, 2020. "The bandwagon luxury consumption in Tunisian case: The roles of independent and interdependent self concept," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    26. Veblen, Thorstein, 1899. "The Theory of the Leisure Class," History of Economic Thought Books, McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought, number veblen1899.
    27. Ko, Eunju & Costello, John P. & Taylor, Charles R., 2019. "What is a luxury brand? A new definition and review of the literature," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 405-413.
    28. Fuller, Christie M. & Simmering, Marcia J. & Atinc, Guclu & Atinc, Yasemin & Babin, Barry J., 2016. "Common methods variance detection in business research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(8), pages 3192-3198.
    29. Roux, Elyette & Tafani, Eric & Vigneron, Franck, 2017. "Values associated with luxury brand consumption and the role of gender," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 102-113.
    30. Kapferer, Jean-Noël & Laurent, Gilles, 2016. "Where do consumers think luxury begins? A study of perceived minimum price for 21 luxury goods in 7 countries," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(1), pages 332-340.
    31. von Wallpach, Sylvia & Hemetsberger, Andrea & Thomsen, Thyra Uth & Belk, Russel W., 2020. "Moments of luxury – A qualitative account of the experiential essence of luxury," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 491-502.
    32. Zhang, Lini & Zhao, Haidong, 2019. "Personal value vs. luxury value: What are Chinese luxury consumers shopping for when buying luxury fashion goods?," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 62-71.
    33. Alden, Dana L. & Kelley, James B. & Youn, James B. & Chen, Qimei, 2016. "Understanding consumer motivations to interact on brand websites in the international marketplace: Evidence from the U.S., China, and South Korea," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(12), pages 5909-5916.
    34. Ross, Ivan, 1971. "Self-Concept and Brand Preference," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 44(1), pages 38-50, January.
    35. Zhen, Xueping & (George) Cai, Gangshu & Song, Reo & Jang, Sungha, 2019. "The effects of herding and word of mouth in a two-period advertising signaling model," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 275(1), pages 361-373.
    36. Stathopoulou, Anastasia & Balabanis, George, 2019. "The effect of cultural value orientation on consumers' perceptions of luxury value and proclivity for luxury consumption," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 298-312.
    37. Shao, Wei & Grace, Debra & Ross, Mitchell, 2019. "Consumer motivation and luxury consumption: Testing moderating effects," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 33-44.
    38. Richins, Marsha L, 1994. "Special Possessions and the Expression of Material Values," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 21(3), pages 522-533, December.
    39. Schade, Michael & Hegner, Sabrina & Horstmann, Florian & Brinkmann, Nora, 2016. "The impact of attitude functions on luxury brand consumption: An age-based group comparison," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(1), pages 314-322.
    40. Elyette Roux & Eric Tafani & Franck Vigneron, 2017. "Values associated with luxury brand consumption and the role of gender," Post-Print hal-01464979, HAL.
    41. Sandor Czellar & D. Sprott & E. Spangenberg, 2009. "The Importance of a General Measure of Brand Engagement on Market Behavior: Development and Validation of a Scale," Post-Print hal-00458392, HAL.
    42. Holmqvist, Jonas & Diaz Ruiz, Carlos & Peñaloza, Lisa, 2020. "Moments of luxury: Hedonic escapism as a luxury experience," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 503-513.
    43. Sungho Park & Sachin Gupta, 2012. "Handling Endogenous Regressors by Joint Estimation Using Copulas," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 31(4), pages 567-586, July.
    44. Sara Loughran Dommer & Vanitha Swaminathan & Rohini Ahluwalia, 2013. "Using Differentiated Brands to Deflect Exclusion and Protect Inclusion: The Moderating Role of Self-Esteem on Attachment to Differentiated Brands," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 40(4), pages 657-675.
    45. Katz, Michael L & Shapiro, Carl, 1985. "Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 75(3), pages 424-440, June.
    46. Xinshu Zhao & John G. Lynch & Qimei Chen, 2010. "Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths about Mediation Analysis," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 37(2), pages 197-206, August.
    47. Kastanakis, Minas N. & Balabanis, George, 2012. "Between the mass and the class: Antecedents of the “bandwagon” luxury consumption behavior," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 65(10), pages 1399-1407.
    48. Jinkins, David, 2016. "Conspicuous consumption in the United States and China," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 115-132.
    49. Li, Guoxin & Li, Guofeng & Kambele, Zephaniah, 2012. "Luxury fashion brand consumers in China: Perceived value, fashion lifestyle, and willingness to pay," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 65(10), pages 1516-1522.
    50. Bearden, William O & Etzel, Michael J, 1982. "Reference Group Influence on Product and Brand Purchase Decisions," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 9(2), pages 183-194, September.
    51. H. Leibenstein, 1950. "Bandwagon, Snob, and Veblen Effects in the Theory of Consumers' Demand," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 64(2), pages 183-207.
    52. Sheth, Jagdish N. & Newman, Bruce I. & Gross, Barbara L., 1991. "Why we buy what we buy: A theory of consumption values," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 159-170, March.
    53. Liu, Richie L. & Minton, Elizabeth A., 2018. "Faith-filled brands: The interplay of religious branding and brand engagement in the self-concept," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 305-314.
    54. Kessous, Aurélie & Valette-Florence, Pierre, 2019. "“From Prada to Nada”: Consumers and their luxury products: A contrast between second-hand and first-hand luxury products," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 313-327.
    55. Holmqvist J. & Visconti L. M. & Grönroos C. & Guais B. & Aurélie Kessous, 2020. "Understanding the value process: Value creation in a luxury service context," Post-Print hal-03082942, HAL.
    56. Tynan, Caroline & McKechnie, Sally & Chhuon, Celine, 2010. "Co-creating value for luxury brands," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 63(11), pages 1156-1163, November.
    57. Stokburger-Sauer, Nicola E. & Teichmann, Karin, 2013. "Is luxury just a female thing? The role of gender in luxury brand consumption," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 66(7), pages 889-896.
    58. Shukla, Paurav & Purani, Keyoor, 2012. "Comparing the importance of luxury value perceptions in cross-national contexts," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 65(10), pages 1417-1424.
    59. Ronald Jean Degen, 2009. "Opportunity for luxury brands in China," Working Papers 31, globADVANTAGE, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria.
    60. Paurav Shukla & Jaywant Singh & Madhumita Banerjee, 2015. "They are not all same: variations in Asian consumers’ value perceptions of luxury brands," Marketing Letters, Springer, vol. 26(3), pages 265-278, September.
    61. Virginie de Barnier & Sandrine Falcy & Pierre Valette-Florence, 2012. "Do consumers perceive three levels of luxury? A comparison of accessible, intermediate and inaccessible luxury brands," Post-Print halshs-00786023, HAL.
    62. Holmqvist, Jonas & Visconti, Luca M. & Grönroos, Christian & Guais, Blandine & Kessous, Aurélie, 2020. "Understanding the value process: Value creation in a luxury service context," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 114-126.
    63. Bian, Qin & Forsythe, Sandra, 2012. "Purchase intention for luxury brands: A cross cultural comparison," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 65(10), pages 1443-1451.
    64. Cruz, Angela Gracia B. & Seo, Yuri & Buchanan-Oliver, Margo, 2018. "Religion as a field of transcultural practices in multicultural marketplaces," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 317-325.
    65. Westbrook, Robert A & Oliver, Richard L, 1991. "The Dimensionality of Consumption Emotion Patterns and Consumer Satisfaction," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 18(1), pages 84-91, June.
    66. Shukla, Paurav, 2011. "Impact of interpersonal influences, brand origin and brand image on luxury purchase intentions: Measuring interfunctional interactions and a cross-national comparison," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 46(2), pages 242-252, April.
    67. Hamed Taherdoost, 2016. "Sampling Methods in Research Methodology; How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research," Post-Print hal-02546796, HAL.
    68. Brodie, Roderick J. & Ilic, Ana & Juric, Biljana & Hollebeek, Linda, 2013. "Consumer engagement in a virtual brand community: An exploratory analysis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 66(1), pages 105-114.
    69. Loureiro, Sandra Maria Correia & Jiménez-Barreto, Jano & Romero, Jaime, 2020. "Enhancing brand coolness through perceived luxury values: Insight from luxury fashion brands," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Robert M. Bridi & Marwa Ben Jabra & Naeema Al Hosani, 2022. "An Examination of Consumers’ Opinions toward Adopting Electric Vehicles in the United Arab Emirates: On the Effects of Functional and Symbolic Values," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-19, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Gurzki, Hannes & Woisetschläger, David M., 2017. "Mapping the luxury research landscape: A bibliometric citation analysis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 147-166.
    2. Pillai, Kishore Gopalakrishna & Nair, Smitha R., 2021. "The effect of social comparison orientation on luxury purchase intentions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 89-100.
    3. Sharma, Amalesh & Soni, Mauli & Borah, Sourav Bikash & Haque, Tanjum, 2022. "From silos to synergies: A systematic review of luxury in marketing research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 893-907.
    4. Ko, Eunju & Costello, John P. & Taylor, Charles R., 2019. "What is a luxury brand? A new definition and review of the literature," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 405-413.
    5. Kauppinen-Räisänen, Hannele & Björk, Peter & Lönnström, Alexandra & Jauffret, Marie-Nathalie, 2018. "How consumers' need for uniqueness, self-monitoring, and social identity affect their choices when luxury brands visually shout versus whisper," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 72-81.
    6. Chapman, Alexis & Dilmperi, Athina, 2022. "Luxury brand value co-creation with online brand communities in the service encounter," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 902-921.
    7. Aw, Eugene Cheng-Xi & Chuah, Stephanie Hui-Wen & Sabri, Mohamad Fazli & Kamal Basha, Norazlyn, 2021. "Go loud or go home? How power distance belief influences the effect of brand prominence on luxury goods purchase intention," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    8. Li, Fajin & Cheng-Xi Aw, Eugene & Wei-Han Tan, Garry & Cham, Tat-Huei & Ooi, Keng-Boon, 2022. "The Eureka moment in understanding luxury brand purchases! A non-linear fsQCA-ANN approach," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    9. Purohit, Sonal & Radia, Karan Nilesh, 2022. "Conceptualizing masstige buying behavior: A mixed-method approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 886-898.
    10. Zhang, Lini & Zhao, Haidong, 2019. "Personal value vs. luxury value: What are Chinese luxury consumers shopping for when buying luxury fashion goods?," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 62-71.
    11. Mbaye Fall Diallo & Norchène Ben Dahmane Mouelhi & Mahesh Gadekar & Marie Schill, 2021. "CSR Actions, Brand Value, and Willingness to Pay a Premium Price for Luxury Brands: Does Long-Term Orientation Matter?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 169(2), pages 241-260, March.
    12. Ajitha, S. & Sivakumar, V.J., 2017. "Understanding the effect of personal and social value on attitude and usage behavior of luxury cosmetic brands," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 103-113.
    13. Roux, Elyette & Tafani, Eric & Vigneron, Franck, 2017. "Values associated with luxury brand consumption and the role of gender," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 102-113.
    14. Shahid, Shadma & Paul, Justin, 2021. "Intrinsic motivation of luxury consumers in an emerging market," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    15. Shukla, Paurav & Rosendo-Rios, Veronica & Khalifa, Dina, 2022. "Is luxury democratization impactful? Its moderating effect between value perceptions and consumer purchase intentions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 782-793.
    16. Kastanakis, Minas N. & Balabanis, George, 2012. "Between the mass and the class: Antecedents of the “bandwagon” luxury consumption behavior," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 65(10), pages 1399-1407.
    17. Gong Sun & Wangshuai Wang & Zhiming Cheng & Jie Li & Junhua Chen, 2017. "The Intermediate Linkage Between Materialism and Luxury Consumption: Evidence from the Emerging Market of China," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 132(1), pages 475-487, May.
    18. Bachmann, Frank & Walsh, Gianfranco & Hammes, Eva K., 2019. "Consumer perceptions of luxury brands: An owner-based perspective," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 287-298.
    19. Loureiro, Sandra Maria Correia & Jiménez-Barreto, Jano & Romero, Jaime, 2020. "Enhancing brand coolness through perceived luxury values: Insight from luxury fashion brands," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    20. Shukla, Paurav & Rosendo-Rios, Veronica, 2021. "Intra and inter-country comparative effects of symbolic motivations on luxury purchase intentions in emerging markets," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(1).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:joreco:v:66:y:2022:i:c:s0969698922000327. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-retailing-and-consumer-services .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.