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Hedge funds and discretionary liquidity restrictions

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  • Aiken, Adam L.
  • Clifford, Christopher P.
  • Ellis, Jesse A.

Abstract

We study hedge funds that imposed discretionary liquidity restrictions (DLRs) on investor shares during the financial crisis. DLRs prolong fund life, but impose liquidity costs on investors, creating a potential conflict of interest. Ostensibly, funds establish DLRs to limit performance-driven withdrawals that could force fire sales of illiquid assets. However, after they restrict investor liquidity, DLR funds do not reduce illiquid stock sales and underperform a control sample of non-DLR funds. Consequently, DLRs appear to negatively impact fund family reputation. After the crisis, funds from DLR families faced difficulties raising capital and were more likely to cut their fees.

Suggested Citation

  • Aiken, Adam L. & Clifford, Christopher P. & Ellis, Jesse A., 2015. "Hedge funds and discretionary liquidity restrictions," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(1), pages 197-218.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jfinec:v:116:y:2015:i:1:p:197-218
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2015.01.002
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    Cited by:

    1. Rodrigo Fernandes Malaquias & Gleison de Abreu Pontes, 2018. "Liquidity Restrictions on Investment Funds: Are they a Response to Behavioral Bias?," Brazilian Business Review, Fucape Business School, vol. 15(4), pages 382-390, July.
    2. Roy Havemann, 2018. "Can creditor bail-in trigger contagion? The experience of an emerging market," Working Papers 755, Economic Research Southern Africa.
    3. Ludwig Chincarini, 2014. "The Impact of Quantitative Methods on Hedge Fund Performance," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 20(5), pages 857-890, November.
    4. Agarwal, Vikas & Green, T. Clifton & Ren, Honglin, 2018. "Alpha or beta in the eye of the beholder: What drives hedge fund flows?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(3), pages 417-434.
    5. Agarwal, Vikas & Aragon, George O. & Shi, Zhen, 2015. "Funding liquidity risk of funds of hedge funds: Evidence from their holdings," CFR Working Papers 15-12, University of Cologne, Centre for Financial Research (CFR).
    6. Cumming, Douglas & Dai, Na & Johan, Sofia, 2020. "Dodd-Franking the hedge Funds," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    7. Mathias S. Kruttli & Phillip J. Monin & Sumudu W. Watugala, 2017. "Investor Concentration, Flows, and Cash Holdings : Evidence from Hedge Funds," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2017-121, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    8. Daniel Barth & Phillip Monin, 2020. "Illiquidity in Intermediate Portfolios: Evidence from Large Hedge Funds," Working Papers 20-03, Office of Financial Research, US Department of the Treasury.
    9. George O. Aragon & Ji-Woong Chung & Byoung Uk Kang, 2023. "Do Prime Brokers Matter in the Search for Informed Hedge Fund Managers?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(8), pages 4932-4952, August.
    10. Hany A. Shawky & Ying Wang, 2017. "Can Liquidity Risk Explain Diseconomies of Scale in Hedge Funds?," Quarterly Journal of Finance (QJF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 7(02), pages 1-35, June.
    11. Cumming, Douglas J. & Monteiro, Pedro, 2023. "Hedge fund investment in ETFs," CFS Working Paper Series 699, Center for Financial Studies (CFS).
    12. Guillermo Baquero & Marno Verbeek, 2015. "Hedge fund flows and performance streaks: How investors weigh information," ESMT Research Working Papers ESMT-15-01, ESMT European School of Management and Technology.
    13. Hong, Xin & Pang, Ningjing & Wang, Zhibin, 2022. "Stop-loss early termination clause and hedge fund performance," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    14. Gorovyy, Sergiy & Kelly, Patrick J. & Kuzmina, Olga, 2021. "Does secrecy signal skill? Own-investor secrecy and hedge fund performance," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    15. Cumming, Douglas & Monteiro, Pedro, 2022. "Hedge fund sales fees and the flow of funds around the world," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    16. Faff, Robert W. & Parwada, Jerry T. & Tan, Eric K.M., 2019. "Did connected hedge funds benefit from bank bailouts during the financial crisis?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 1-1.
    17. Fulkerson, Jon A. & Hong, Xin, 2021. "Investment restrictions and fund performance," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 317-336.
    18. Thierry Roncalli, 2021. "Liquidity Stress Testing in Asset Management -- Part 3. Managing the Asset-Liability Liquidity Risk," Papers 2110.01302, arXiv.org.
    19. Kosowski, Robert & Joenväärä, Juha & Kaupila, Mikko & Tolonen, Pekka, 2019. "Hedge Fund Performance: Are Stylized Facts Sensitive to Which Database One Uses?," CEPR Discussion Papers 13618, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Hedge funds; Liquidity; Discretionary liquidity;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G10 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - General (includes Measurement and Data)
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors

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