IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jbrese/v150y2022icp179-193.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Sourcing portfolio diversity in new product development: Antecedents and performance implications

Author

Listed:
  • Thakur-Wernz, Pooja
  • Bruyaka, Olga
  • Contractor, Farok

Abstract

This paper examines the antecedents and performance outcomes of sourcing portfolio diversity in firms’ new product development (NPD). Sourcing portfolio diversity measures the degree to which a firm uses multiple sourcing choices along both organizational and geographic dimensions including domestic in-house sourcing, domestic outsourcing, captive offshoring, and offshore outsourcing. We extend transaction cost economics (TCE) to the portfolio level of analysis and predict that sourcing portfolio diversity in NPD is driven by heterogeneity in two transactional characteristics—technological application diversity, reflecting asset specificity, and variance in project-stage uncertainty. We also argue that the positive effect of sourcing portfolio diversity on firms’ financial performance is driven by aligning sourcing portfolio configuration with the sources of transactional heterogeneity, increased strategic agility, and complementarities between individual sourcing choices. Our empirical study of NPD in the bio-pharmaceutical industry confirms our predictions. We contribute to research on sourcing and NPD by conceptually building and empirically establishing relevance of the sourcing diversity at the portfolio level of analysis and bringing the question of sourcing strategy to the forefront of NPD portfolio management concerns.

Suggested Citation

  • Thakur-Wernz, Pooja & Bruyaka, Olga & Contractor, Farok, 2022. "Sourcing portfolio diversity in new product development: Antecedents and performance implications," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 179-193.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:150:y:2022:i:c:p:179-193
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.019
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296322005513
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.019?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Arie Y Lewin & Silvia Massini & Carine Peeters, 2009. "Why are companies offshoring innovation? The emerging global race for talent," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(8), pages 1406-1406, October.
    2. Manning, Stephan, 2014. "Mitigate, tolerate or relocate? Offshoring challenges, strategic imperatives and resource constraints," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 49(4), pages 522-535.
    3. Mukherjee, Debmalya & Gaur, Ajai S. & Datta, Avimanyu, 2013. "Creating value through offshore outsourcing: An integrative framework," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 377-389.
    4. Christoph Grimpe & Ulrich Kaiser, 2010. "Balancing Internal and External Knowledge Acquisition: The Gains and Pains from R&D Outsourcing," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(8), pages 1483-1509, December.
    5. Olga Bruyaka & Hanko Zeitzmann & Isabelle Chalamon & Richard Wokutch & Pooja Thakur, 2013. "Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility and Orphan Drug Development: Insights from the US and the EU Biopharmaceutical Industry," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 117(1), pages 45-65, September.
    6. Williamson, Oliver E, 1979. "Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractural Relations," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 22(2), pages 233-261, October.
    7. Buciuni, Giulio & Pisano, Gary, 2021. "Variety of Innovation in Global Value Chains," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 56(2).
    8. Christian Garavaglia & Franco Malerba & Luigi Orsenigo & Michele Pezzoni, 2013. "Technological Regimes and Demand Structure in the Evolution of the Pharmaceutical Industry," Economic Complexity and Evolution, in: Andreas Pyka & Esben Sloth Andersen (ed.), Long Term Economic Development, edition 127, pages 61-94, Springer.
    9. Rodolphe Durand & Olga Bruyaka & Vincent Mangematin, 2008. "Do science and money go together? The case of the French biotech industry," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(12), pages 1281-1299, December.
    10. Arie Lewin & Silvia Massini & Carine Peeters, 2008. "Why are companies offshoring innovation ?the emerging global race for talent," Working Papers CEB 08-009, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    11. Mukherjee, Debmalya & Lahiri, Somnath & Ash, Steven R. & Gaur, Ajai S., 2019. "Search motives, local embeddedness, and knowledge outcomes in offshoring," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 365-375.
    12. Buss, Philipp & Peukert, Christian, 2015. "R&D outsourcing and intellectual property infringement," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(4), pages 977-989.
    13. Barge-Gil, Andrés & López, Alberto, 2014. "R&D determinants: Accounting for the differences between research and development," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 43(9), pages 1634-1648.
    14. Christofi, Michael & Pereira, Vijay & Vrontis, Demetris & Tarba, Shlomo & Thrassou, Alkis, 2021. "Agility and flexibility in international business research: A comprehensive review and future research directions," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 56(3).
    15. Williamson, Oliver E., 2010. "Transaction Cost Economics: The Natural Progression," Journal of Retailing, Elsevier, vol. 86(3), pages 215-226.
    16. Pooja Thakur-Wernz & Olga Bruyaka, 2017. "Co-evolutionary Perspective on Sourcing Portfolios: Examining Sourcing Choices for Clinical Trials of Bio-pharmaceutical Firms," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 57(6), pages 909-946, December.
    17. Dahlgrün, Philipp W. & Bausch, Andreas, 2019. "How Opportunistic Culture Affects Financial Performance in Outsourcing Relationships: A Meta-Analysis," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 81-100.
    18. Candace Young-Ybarra & Margarethe Wiersema, 1999. "Strategic Flexibility in Information Technology Alliances: The Influence of Transaction Cost Economics and Social Exchange Theory," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 10(4), pages 439-459, August.
    19. Pierre Azoulay, 2004. "Capturing Knowledge within and across Firm Boundaries: Evidence from Clinical Development," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(5), pages 1591-1612, December.
    20. Bahl, Mona & Lahiri, Somnath & Mukherjee, Debmalya, 2021. "Managing internationalization and innovation tradeoffs in entrepreneurial firms: Evidence from transition economies," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 56(1).
    21. John Cantwell & Ram Mudambi, 2005. "MNE competence‐creating subsidiary mandates," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(12), pages 1109-1128, December.
    22. Ahammad, Mohammad Faisal & Basu, Shubhabrata & Munjal, Surender & Clegg, Jeremy & Shoham, Ofra Bazel, 2021. "Strategic agility, environmental uncertainties and international performance: The perspective of Indian firms," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 56(4).
    23. Anne Parmigiani, 2007. "Why do firms both make and buy? An investigation of concurrent sourcing," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(3), pages 285-311, March.
    24. Olga Bruyaka & Rodolphe Durand, 2012. "Sell-off or shut-down? Alliance portfolio diversity and two types of high tech firms' exit," Post-Print hal-00668609, HAL.
    25. Mari Sako & George Chondrakis & Paul M. Vaaler, 2016. "How Do Plural-Sourcing Firms Make and Buy? The Impact of Supplier Portfolio Design," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 27(5), pages 1161-1182, October.
    26. Arturs Kalnins, 2018. "Multicollinearity: How common factors cause Type 1 errors in multivariate regression," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(8), pages 2362-2385, August.
    27. Susan M. Mudambi & Stephen Tallman, 2010. "Make, Buy or Ally? Theoretical Perspectives on Knowledge Process Outsourcing through Alliances," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(s2), pages 1434-1456, December.
    28. Anthony Goerzen, 2007. "Alliance networks and firm performance: The impact of repeated partnerships," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(5), pages 487-509, May.
    29. Guilhem Bascle, 2008. "Controlling for endogeneity with instrumental variables in strategic management research," Post-Print hal-00576795, HAL.
    30. Rebecca Henderson & Iain Cockburn, 1994. "Measuring Competence? Exploring Firm Effects in Pharmaceutical Research," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(S1), pages 63-84, December.
    31. Christopher R. Penney & James G. Combs, 2020. "A Transaction Cost Perspective of Alliance Portfolio Diversity," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(6), pages 1073-1105, September.
    32. Stephanie A. Fernhaber & Pankaj C. Patel, 2012. "How do young firms manage product portfolio complexity? The role of absorptive capacity and ambidexterity," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(13), pages 1516-1539, December.
    33. Higgins, Matthew J. & Rodriguez, Daniel, 2006. "The outsourcing of R&D through acquisitions in the pharmaceutical industry," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(2), pages 351-383, May.
    34. Susan M. Mudambi & Stephen Tallman, 2010. "Make, Buy or Ally? Theoretical Perspectives on Knowledge Process Outsourcing through Alliances," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(8), pages 1434-1456, December.
    35. Jugend, Daniel & da Silva, Sérgio Luis & Salgado, Manoel Henrique & Miguel, Paulo Augusto Cauchick, 2016. "Product portfolio management and performance: Evidence from a survey of innovative Brazilian companies," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 5095-5100.
    36. Nicholas S. Argyres & Janet Bercovitz & Kyle J. Mayer, 2007. "Complementarity and Evolution of Contractual Provisions: An Empirical Study of IT Services Contracts," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 18(1), pages 3-19, February.
    37. Thakur–Wernz, Pooja & Wernz, Christian, 2022. "Impact of stronger intellectual property rights regime on innovation: Evidence from de alio versus de novo Indian bio-pharmaceutical firms," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 457-473.
    38. Olivier Bertrand, 2011. "What goes around, comes around: Effects of offshore outsourcing on the export performance of firms," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 42(2), pages 334-344, February.
    39. Benedikt Müller-Stewens & Klaus Möller, 2017. "Performance in new product development: a comprehensive framework, current trends, and research directions," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 28(2), pages 157-201, May.
    40. Heckman, James, 2013. "Sample selection bias as a specification error," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 31(3), pages 129-137.
    41. Butler, Maureen G. & Callahan, Carolyn M., 2014. "Human resource outsourcing: Market and operating performance effects of administrative HR functions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(2), pages 218-224.
    42. Majd Mohammad Omoush, 2020. "Investigation the Relationship Between Supply Chain Management Activities and Operational Performance: Testing the Mediating Role of Strategic Agility-A Practical Study on the Pharmaceutical Companies," International Business Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 13(2), pages 1-74, February.
    43. Minyuan Zhao, 2006. "Conducting R& D in Countries with Weak Intellectual Property Rights Protection," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 52(8), pages 1185-1199, August.
    44. Bei, Xiaoshu, 2019. "Trademarks, specialized complementary assets, and the external sourcing of innovation," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(9), pages 1-1.
    45. Jeffrey T. Macher & Christopher Boerner, 2012. "Technological development at the boundaries of the firm: a knowledge‐based examination in drug development," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(9), pages 1016-1036, September.
    46. Farok J. Contractor, 2022. "The world economy will need even more globalization in the post-pandemic 2021 decade," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 53(1), pages 156-171, February.
    47. Ritesh Patel, 2018. "Pre & Post-Merger Financial Performance: An Indian Perspective," Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, Central bank of Montenegro, vol. 7(3), pages 181-200.
    48. Rodolphe Durand & Olga Bruyaka & Vincent Mangematin, 2008. "Do Science and Money Go Together? The Case of the French Biotech Industry," Grenoble Ecole de Management (Post-Print) hal-00422650, HAL.
    49. Shams, Riad & Vrontis, Demetris & Belyaeva, Zhanna & Ferraris, Alberto & Czinkota, Michael R., 2021. "Strategic agility in international business: A conceptual framework for “agile” multinationals," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(1).
    50. Thakur-Wernz, Pooja & Bruyaka, Olga & Contractor, Farok, 2020. "Antecedents and relative performance of sourcing choices for new product development projects," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 90.
    51. Juan Alcácer & Wilbur Chung, 2007. "Location Strategies and Knowledge Spillovers," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 53(5), pages 760-776, May.
    52. Rodolphe Durand & Olga Bruyaka & Vincent Mangematin, 2008. "Do Science and Money Go Together? The Case of the French Biotech Industry," Post-Print hal-00422650, HAL.
    53. Turanay Caner & Olga Bruyaka & John E. Prescott, 2018. "Flow Signals: Evidence from Patent and Alliance Portfolios in the US Biopharmaceutical Industry," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(2), pages 232-264, March.
    54. Ram Mudambi, 2008. "Location, control and innovation in knowledge-intensive industries," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 8(5), pages 699-725, September.
    55. Diestre, Luis, 2018. "Safety crises and R&D outsourcing alliances: Which governance mode minimizes negative spillovers?," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(10), pages 1904-1917.
    56. Spithoven, André & Teirlinck, Peter, 2015. "Internal capabilities, network resources and appropriation mechanisms as determinants of R&D outsourcing," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 711-725.
    57. Yue M. Zhou & Xiang Wan, 2017. "Product variety, sourcing complexity, and the bottleneck of coordination," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(8), pages 1569-1587, August.
    58. Munjal, Surender & Requejo, Ignacio & Kundu, Sumit K., 2019. "Offshore outsourcing and firm performance: Moderating effects of size, growth and slack resources," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 484-494.
    59. Nidthida Lin, 2020. "Designing Global Sourcing Strategy for Cost Savings and Innovation: A Configurational Approach," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 60(5), pages 723-753, October.
    60. Abdul Ali & Manohar U. Kalwani & Dan Kovenock, 1993. "Selecting Product Development Projects: Pioneering versus Incremental Innovation Strategies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 39(3), pages 255-274, March.
    61. Pongelli, Claudia & Calabrò, Andrea & Basco, Rodrigo, 2019. "Family firms' international make-or-buy decisions: Captive offshoring, offshore outsourcing, and the role of home region focus," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 596-606.
    62. Alain Verbeke & Nathan Greidanus, 2012. "The end of the opportunism versus trust debate: bounded reliability as a new envelope concept in research on MNE governance," Chapters, in: Handbook of Research on International Strategic Management, chapter 2, pages 31-63, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    63. Arie Lewin & Silvia Massini & Carine Peeters, 2009. "Why are companies offshoring innovation the emerging global race for talent (Journal of International Business Studies (2009) 40 (901-925) DOI:10.1057/jibs.2008.92)," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/205625, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    64. Ambos, Björn & Brandl, Kristin & Perri, Alessandra & Scalera, Vittoria G. & Van Assche, Ari, 2021. "The nature of innovation in global value chains," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 56(4).
    65. Christoph Grimpe & Ulrich Kaiser, 2010. "Balancing Internal and External Knowledge Acquisition: The Gains and Pains from R&D Outsourcing," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(8), pages 1483-1509, December.
    66. Carmen Weigelt, 2009. "The impact of outsourcing new technologies on integrative capabilities and performance," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(6), pages 595-616, June.
    67. Un, C. Annique & Rodríguez, Alicia, 2018. "Learning from R&D outsourcing vs. learning by R&D outsourcing," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 72, pages 24-33.
    68. Gérard P. Cachon & Patrick T. Harker, 2002. "Competition and Outsourcing with Scale Economies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 48(10), pages 1314-1333, October.
    69. Grewal, Rajdeep & Chakravarty, Anindita & Ding, Min & Liechty, John, 2008. "Counting chickens before the eggs hatch: Associating new product development portfolios with shareholder expectations in the pharmaceutical sector," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 25(4), pages 261-272.
    70. DiMasi, Joseph A. & Hansen, Ronald W. & Grabowski, Henry G., 2003. "The price of innovation: new estimates of drug development costs," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 151-185, March.
    71. Frédéric Dalsace & Michael J. Leiblein & Jeffrey J. Reuer, 2002. "Do make or buy decisions matter? The influence of organizational governance on technological performance," Post-Print hal-00457649, HAL.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Piscitello, Lucia & Thakur-Wernz, Pooja, 2023. "Impact of domestic and foreign knowledge mechanisms on the innovation performance of Indian firms," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(4).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Thakur-Wernz, Pooja & Bruyaka, Olga & Contractor, Farok, 2020. "Antecedents and relative performance of sourcing choices for new product development projects," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 90.
    2. Pooja Thakur-Wernz & Olga Bruyaka, 2017. "Co-evolutionary Perspective on Sourcing Portfolios: Examining Sourcing Choices for Clinical Trials of Bio-pharmaceutical Firms," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 57(6), pages 909-946, December.
    3. Lahiri, Somnath & Karna, Amit & Chittaranjan Kalubandi, Sai & Edacherian, Saneesh, 2022. "Performance implications of outsourcing: A meta-analysis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 1303-1316.
    4. Asimakopoulos, Grigorios & Revilla, Antonio & Rodríguez, Alicia, 2023. "International R&D sourcing, innovation and firm age: The advantage of ‘born-international sourcers’," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
    5. Nidthida Lin, 2020. "Designing Global Sourcing Strategy for Cost Savings and Innovation: A Configurational Approach," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 60(5), pages 723-753, October.
    6. Martinez-Noya, Andrea & Narula, Rajneesh, 2018. "What more can we learn from R&D alliances? : A review and research agenda," MERIT Working Papers 2018-022, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
    7. Martinez-Noya, Andrea & Garcia-Canal, Esteban & Guillen, Mauro F., 2012. "International R&D service outsourcing by technology-intensive firms: Whether and where?," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 18-37.
    8. Spithoven, André & Teirlinck, Peter, 2015. "Internal capabilities, network resources and appropriation mechanisms as determinants of R&D outsourcing," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 711-725.
    9. Mukherjee, Debmalya & Kumar, Satish & Pandey, Nitesh & Lahiri, Somnath, 2023. "Is offshoring dead? A multidisciplinary review and future directions," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 29(3).
    10. Mukherjee, Debmalya & Nuruzzaman, N. & Gaur, Ajai S. & Singh, Deeksha, 2023. "Pro-market reforms and the outsourcing tradeoffs: Evidence from the transition economies," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(4).
    11. Yi-Ju Lo & Tung Hung, 2015. "Structure offshoring and returns on offshoring," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 32(2), pages 443-479, June.
    12. Jensen, Peter D. Ørberg, 2012. "A passage to India: A dual case study of activities, processes and resources in offshore outsourcing of advanced services," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 47(2), pages 311-326.
    13. Steinberg, Philip J. & Procher, Vivien D. & Urbig, Diemo, 2017. "Too much or too little of R&D offshoring: The impact of captive offshoring and contract offshoring on innovation performance," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(10), pages 1810-1823.
    14. Zachary Cohle, 2019. "Global Innovative R&D Offshoring with Heterogeneous Labor: The Role of IPR‐Protection on Technology Transfer and the Brain Drain Effect," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 86(2), pages 691-725, October.
    15. Rodgers, Peter & Khan, Zaheer & Tarba, Shlomo & Nurgabdeshov, Assylbek & Ahammad, Mohammad F., 2019. "Exploring the determinants of location choice decisions of offshored R&D projects," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 472-483.
    16. Rajneesh Narula & Andrea Martínez-Noya, 2014. "International R&D Alliances by Firms: Origins and Development," John H Dunning Centre for International Business Discussion Papers jhd-dp2014-06, Henley Business School, University of Reading.
    17. Marina Papanastassiou & Robert Pearce & Antonello Zanfei, 2020. "Changing perspectives on the internationalization of R&D and innovation by multinational enterprises: A review of the literature," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 51(4), pages 623-664, June.
    18. Hung, Tung Min & Contractor, Farok & Lo, Yi-Ju, 2022. "Manage the value and liability of offshoring innovation," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(2).
    19. Julien Gooris, 2013. "The impact of host-country environment and home-host country distance on the configuration of international service activities," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/209404, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    20. Manish Srivastava & Tang Wang, 2015. "When does selling make you wiser? Impact of licensing on Chinese firms’ patenting propensity," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 40(4), pages 602-628, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:150:y:2022:i:c:p:179-193. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jbusres .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.