IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/finana/v76y2021ics1057521921001228.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

On the intraday return curves of Bitcoin: Predictability and trading opportunities

Author

Listed:
  • Bouri, Elie
  • Lau, Chi Keung Marco
  • Saeed, Tareq
  • Wang, Shixuan
  • Zhao, Yuqian

Abstract

Motivated by the potential inferences from intraday price data in the controversial Bitcoin market, we apply functional data analysis techniques to study cumulative intraday return (CIDR) curves. First, we indicate that Bitcoin CIDR curves are stationary, non-normal, uncorrelated, but exhibit conditional heteroscedastic, although we find that the projection scores of CIDR curves could be serially correlated during some certain periods. Second, we show the possibility of predicting the CIDR curves of Bitcoins based on the projection scores and then assess the forecasting performance. Finally, we utilize the functional forecasting methods to explore the intraday trading opportunities of Bitcoins and the results provide evidence of profitable trading opportunities based on intraday trading strategies, which confronts the efficient market hypothesis.

Suggested Citation

  • Bouri, Elie & Lau, Chi Keung Marco & Saeed, Tareq & Wang, Shixuan & Zhao, Yuqian, 2021. "On the intraday return curves of Bitcoin: Predictability and trading opportunities," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:finana:v:76:y:2021:i:c:s1057521921001228
    DOI: 10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101784
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1057521921001228
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101784?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Horváth, Lajos & Kokoszka, Piotr & Rice, Gregory, 2014. "Testing stationarity of functional time series," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 179(1), pages 66-82.
    2. Atsalakis, George S. & Atsalaki, Ioanna G. & Pasiouras, Fotios & Zopounidis, Constantin, 2019. "Bitcoin price forecasting with neuro-fuzzy techniques," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 276(2), pages 770-780.
    3. Masafumi Nakano & Akihiko Takahashi & Soichiro Takahashi, 2018. "Bitcoin technical trading with artificial neural network," CIRJE F-Series CIRJE-F-1078, CIRJE, Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo.
    4. Hu, Bill & McInish, Thomas & Miller, Jonathan & Zeng, Li, 2019. "Intraday price behavior of cryptocurrencies," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 337-342.
    5. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Jana, R.K. & Das, Debojyoti & Roubaud, David, 2018. "Informational efficiency of Bitcoin—An extension," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 106-109.
    6. Sensoy, Ahmet, 2019. "The inefficiency of Bitcoin revisited: A high-frequency analysis with alternative currencies," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 68-73.
    7. Alvarez-Ramirez, J. & Rodriguez, E. & Ibarra-Valdez, C., 2018. "Long-range correlations and asymmetry in the Bitcoin market," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 492(C), pages 948-955.
    8. Kristjanpoller, Werner & Bouri, Elie, 2019. "Asymmetric multifractal cross-correlations between the main world currencies and the main cryptocurrencies," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 523(C), pages 1057-1071.
    9. Piotr Kokoszka & Hong Miao & Xi Zhang, 2015. "Functional Dynamic Factor Model for Intraday Price Curves," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 13(2), pages 456-477.
    10. Eross, Andrea & McGroarty, Frank & Urquhart, Andrew & Wolfe, Simon, 2019. "The intraday dynamics of bitcoin," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 71-81.
    11. Elie Bouri & Mahamitra Das & Rangan Gupta & David Roubaud, 2018. "Spillovers between Bitcoin and other assets during bear and bull markets," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(55), pages 5935-5949, November.
    12. Katsiampa, Paraskevi, 2019. "An empirical investigation of volatility dynamics in the cryptocurrency market," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 322-335.
    13. Christian Conrad & Anessa Custovic & Eric Ghysels, 2018. "Long- and Short-Term Cryptocurrency Volatility Components: A GARCH-MIDAS Analysis," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-12, May.
    14. Ole E. Barndorff‐Nielsen & Neil Shephard, 2002. "Econometric analysis of realized volatility and its use in estimating stochastic volatility models," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 64(2), pages 253-280, May.
    15. Corbet, Shaen & Meegan, Andrew & Larkin, Charles & Lucey, Brian & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2018. "Exploring the dynamic relationships between cryptocurrencies and other financial assets," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 28-34.
    16. Urquhart, Andrew, 2016. "The inefficiency of Bitcoin," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 80-82.
    17. Al-Yahyaee, Khamis Hamed & Mensi, Walid & Yoon, Seong-Min, 2018. "Efficiency, multifractality, and the long-memory property of the Bitcoin market: A comparative analysis with stock, currency, and gold markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 228-234.
    18. Urquhart, Andrew & Zhang, Hanxiong, 2019. "Is Bitcoin a hedge or safe haven for currencies? An intraday analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 49-57.
    19. Piotr Kokoszka & Matthew Reimherr, 2013. "Determining the order of the functional autoregressive model," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(1), pages 116-129, January.
    20. Bouri, Elie & Lau, Chi Keung Marco & Lucey, Brian & Roubaud, David, 2019. "Trading volume and the predictability of return and volatility in the cryptocurrency market," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 340-346.
    21. Masafumi Nakano & Akihiko Takahashi & Soichiro Takahashi, 2018. "Bitcoin technical trading with artificial neural network," CARF F-Series CARF-F-430, Center for Advanced Research in Finance, Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo.
    22. Vidal-Tomás, David & Ibañez, Ana, 2018. "Semi-strong efficiency of Bitcoin," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 259-265.
    23. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Bouri, Elie & Peng, Zhe & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "Asymmetric efficiency of cryptocurrencies during COVID19," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 565(C).
    24. Alla A. Petukhina & Raphael C. G. Reule & Wolfgang Karl Härdle, 2021. "Rise of the machines? Intraday high-frequency trading patterns of cryptocurrencies," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(1-2), pages 8-30, January.
    25. Corbet, Shaen & Eraslan, Veysel & Lucey, Brian & Sensoy, Ahmet, 2019. "The effectiveness of technical trading rules in cryptocurrency markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 32-37.
    26. Tetsuya Takaishi & Takanori Adachi, 2019. "Market efficiency, liquidity, and multifractality of Bitcoin: A dynamic study," Papers 1902.09253, arXiv.org.
    27. Trimborn, Simon & Härdle, Wolfgang Karl, 2018. "CRIX an Index for cryptocurrencies," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 107-122.
    28. Masafumi Nakano & Akihiko Takahashi & Soichiro Takahashi, 2018. "Bitcoin technical trading with artificial neural network," CARF F-Series CARF-F-441, Center for Advanced Research in Finance, Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo.
    29. Ji, Qiang & Bouri, Elie & Gupta, Rangan & Roubaud, David, 2018. "Network causality structures among Bitcoin and other financial assets: A directed acyclic graph approach," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 203-213.
    30. Masafumi Nakano & Akihiko Takahashi & Soichiro Takahashi, 2018. "Bitcoin Technical Trading with Articial Neural Network," CIRJE F-Series CIRJE-F-1090, CIRJE, Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo.
    31. Tomasz Górecki & Siegfried Hörmann & Lajos Horváth & Piotr Kokoszka, 2018. "Testing Normality of Functional Time Series," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(4), pages 471-487, July.
    32. Gregory Rice & Tony Wirjanto & Yuqian Zhao, 2020. "Tests for conditional heteroscedasticity of functional data," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(6), pages 733-758, November.
    33. Horváth, Lajos & Liu, Zhenya & Rice, Gregory & Wang, Shixuan, 2020. "A functional time series analysis of forward curves derived from commodity futures," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 646-665.
    34. Nadarajah, Saralees & Chu, Jeffrey, 2017. "On the inefficiency of Bitcoin," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 6-9.
    35. Gabrys, Robertas & Horváth, Lajos & Kokoszka, Piotr, 2010. "Tests for Error Correlation in the Functional Linear Model," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 105(491), pages 1113-1125.
    36. Corbet, Shaen & Lucey, Brian & Urquhart, Andrew & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2019. "Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 182-199.
    37. Wang, Jinghua & Ngene, Geoffrey M., 2020. "Does Bitcoin still own the dominant power? An intraday analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    38. Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Bouri, Elie & Roubaud, David & Kristoufek, Ladislav & Lucey, Brian, 2019. "Is Bitcoin a better safe-haven investment than gold and commodities?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 322-330.
    39. Fearghal Kearney & Han Lin Shang, 2020. "Uncovering predictability in the evolution of the WTI oil futures curve," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 26(1), pages 238-257, January.
    40. Nakano, Masafumi & Takahashi, Akihiko & Takahashi, Soichiro, 2018. "Bitcoin technical trading with artificial neural network," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 510(C), pages 587-609.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yan, Lei & Mirza, Nawazish & Umar, Muhammad, 2022. "The cryptocurrency uncertainties and investment transitions: Evidence from high and low carbon energy funds in China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    2. Ghosh, Indranil & Alfaro-Cortés, Esteban & Gámez, Matías & García-Rubio, Noelia, 2023. "Prediction and interpretation of daily NFT and DeFi prices dynamics: Inspection through ensemble machine learning & XAI," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    3. Weige Huang & Xiang Gao, 2023. "Forecasting Bitcoin Futures: A Lasso-BMA Two-Step Predictor Selection for Investment and Hedging Strategies," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(1), pages 21582440231, January.
    4. Li, Bo & Liu, Zhenya & Teka, Hanen & Wang, Shixuan, 2023. "The evolvement of momentum effects in China: Evidence from functional data analysis," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    5. Yi, Eojin & Ahn, Kwangwon & Choi, M.Y., 2022. "Cryptocurrency: Not far from equilibrium," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 177(C).
    6. Su, Fei & Wang, Xinyi & Yuan, Yulin, 2022. "The intraday dynamics and intraday price discovery of bitcoin," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    7. Min Shu & Ruiqiang Song & Wei Zhu, 2021. "The 2021 Bitcoin Bubbles and Crashes—Detection and Classification," Stats, MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-21, November.
    8. Svogun, Daniel & Bazán-Palomino, Walter, 2022. "Technical analysis in cryptocurrency markets: Do transaction costs and bubbles matter?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    9. Wen, Zhuzhu & Bouri, Elie & Xu, Yahua & Zhao, Yang, 2022. "Intraday return predictability in the cryptocurrency markets: Momentum, reversal, or both," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Flori, Andrea, 2019. "News and subjective beliefs: A Bayesian approach to Bitcoin investments," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 336-356.
    2. Andrea Flori, 2019. "Cryptocurrencies In Finance: Review And Applications," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 22(05), pages 1-22, August.
    3. Helder Miguel Correia Virtuoso Sebastião & Paulo José Osório Rupino Da Cunha & Pedro Manuel Cortesão Godinho, 2021. "Cryptocurrencies and blockchain. Overview and future perspectives," International Journal of Economics and Business Research, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 21(3), pages 305-342.
    4. Fan Fang & Carmine Ventre & Michail Basios & Leslie Kanthan & David Martinez-Rego & Fan Wu & Lingbo Li, 2022. "Cryptocurrency trading: a comprehensive survey," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 8(1), pages 1-59, December.
    5. Fan Fang & Carmine Ventre & Michail Basios & Leslie Kanthan & Lingbo Li & David Martinez-Regoband & Fan Wu, 2020. "Cryptocurrency Trading: A Comprehensive Survey," Papers 2003.11352, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2022.
    6. Aurelio F. Bariviera & Ignasi Merediz‐Solà, 2021. "Where Do We Stand In Cryptocurrencies Economic Research? A Survey Based On Hybrid Analysis," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(2), pages 377-407, April.
    7. Yue, Yao & Li, Xuerong & Zhang, Dingxuan & Wang, Shouyang, 2021. "How cryptocurrency affects economy? A network analysis using bibliometric methods," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    8. R. K. Jana & Indranil Ghosh & Debojyoti Das, 2021. "A differential evolution-based regression framework for forecasting Bitcoin price," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 306(1), pages 295-320, November.
    9. Nikolaos A. Kyriazis, 2019. "A Survey on Efficiency and Profitable Trading Opportunities in Cryptocurrency Markets," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-17, April.
    10. Yi, Eojin & Ahn, Kwangwon & Choi, M.Y., 2022. "Cryptocurrency: Not far from equilibrium," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 177(C).
    11. Łęt Blanka & Sobański Konrad & Świder Wojciech & Włosik Katarzyna, 2022. "Is the cryptocurrency market efficient? Evidence from an analysis of fundamental factors for Bitcoin and Ethereum," International Journal of Management and Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, Collegium of World Economy, vol. 58(4), pages 351-370, December.
    12. Bedi, Prateek & Nashier, Tripti, 2020. "On the investment credentials of Bitcoin: A cross-currency perspective," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    13. Helder Sebastião & Pedro Godinho, 2021. "Forecasting and trading cryptocurrencies with machine learning under changing market conditions," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 7(1), pages 1-30, December.
    14. Ahmed, Walid M.A., 2020. "Is there a risk-return trade-off in cryptocurrency markets? The case of Bitcoin," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    15. Muhammad Owais Qarni & Saiqb Gulzar, 2021. "Portfolio diversification benefits of alternative currency investment in Bitcoin and foreign exchange markets," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 7(1), pages 1-37, December.
    16. Ahmed, Walid M.A., 2022. "Robust drivers of Bitcoin price movements: An extreme bounds analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    17. Gradojevic, Nikola & Kukolj, Dragan & Adcock, Robert & Djakovic, Vladimir, 2023. "Forecasting Bitcoin with technical analysis: A not-so-random forest?," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 1-17.
    18. Okorie, David Iheke & Lin, Boqiang, 2020. "Crude oil price and cryptocurrencies: Evidence of volatility connectedness and hedging strategy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    19. Mensi, Walid & Ur Rehman, Mobeen & Maitra, Debasish & Hamed Al-Yahyaee, Khamis & Sensoy, Ahmet, 2020. "Does bitcoin co-move and share risk with Sukuk and world and regional Islamic stock markets? Evidence using a time-frequency approach," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    20. Erdinc Akyildirim & Oguzhan Cepni & Shaen Corbet & Gazi Salah Uddin, 2023. "Forecasting mid-price movement of Bitcoin futures using machine learning," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 330(1), pages 553-584, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:finana:v:76:y:2021:i:c:s1057521921001228. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620166 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.