IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ejores/v243y2015i1p120-129.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The effect of Inventory Record Inaccuracy in Information Exchange Supply Chains

Author

Listed:
  • Cannella, Salvatore
  • Framinan, Jose M.
  • Bruccoleri, Manfredi
  • Barbosa-Póvoa, Ana Paula
  • Relvas, Susana

Abstract

The goal of this paper is to quantify the impact of Inventory Record Inaccuracy on the dynamics of collaborative supply chains, both in terms of operational performance (i.e. order and inventory stability), and customer service level. To do so, we model an Information Exchange Supply Chain under shrinkage errors in the inventory item recording activity of their nodes, present the mathematical formulation of such supply chain model, and conduct a numerical simulation assuming different levels of errors. Results clearly show that Inventory Record Inaccuracy strongly compromises supply chain stability, particularly when moving upwards in the supply chain. Important managerial insights can be extracted from this analysis, such as the role of ‘benefit-sharing’ strategies in order to guarantee the advantage of investments in connectivity technologies.

Suggested Citation

  • Cannella, Salvatore & Framinan, Jose M. & Bruccoleri, Manfredi & Barbosa-Póvoa, Ana Paula & Relvas, Susana, 2015. "The effect of Inventory Record Inaccuracy in Information Exchange Supply Chains," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 243(1), pages 120-129.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:ejores:v:243:y:2015:i:1:p:120-129
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2014.11.021
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377221714009254
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.11.021?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jaksic, Marko & Rusjan, Borut, 2008. "The effect of replenishment policies on the bullwhip effect: A transfer function approach," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 184(3), pages 946-961, February.
    2. repec:hal:journl:hal-02313029 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Geary, S. & Disney, S.M. & Towill, D.R., 2006. "On bullwhip in supply chains--historical review, present practice and expected future impact," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(1), pages 2-18, May.
    4. Thiel, Daniel & Hovelaque, Vincent & Thi Le Hoa, Vo, 2010. "Impact of inventory inaccuracy on service-level quality in (Q,R) continuous-review lost-sales inventory models," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(2), pages 301-311, February.
    5. de Kok, A.G. & van Donselaar, K.H. & van Woensel, T., 2008. "A break-even analysis of RFID technology for inventory sensitive to shrinkage," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(2), pages 521-531, April.
    6. Wright, David & Yuan, Xin, 2008. "Mitigating the bullwhip effect by ordering policies and forecasting methods," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(2), pages 587-597, June.
    7. Salvatore Cannella & Jose M. Framinan & Ana Barbosa-Póvoa, 2014. "An IT-enabled supply chain model: a simulation study," International Journal of Systems Science, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(11), pages 2327-2341, November.
    8. Agrawal, Paras M. & Sharda, Ramesh, 2012. "Impact of frequency of alignment of physical and information system inventories on out of stocks: A simulation study," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(1), pages 45-55.
    9. Xu, Jinpeng & Jiang, Wei & Feng, Gengzhong & Tian, Jun, 2012. "Comparing improvement strategies for inventory inaccuracy in a two-echelon supply chain," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 221(1), pages 213-221.
    10. repec:hal:journl:hal-02311740 is not listed on IDEAS
    11. Disney, S. M. & Towill, D. R., 2003. "On the bullwhip and inventory variance produced by an ordering policy," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 157-167, June.
    12. John D. Sterman, 1989. "Modeling Managerial Behavior: Misperceptions of Feedback in a Dynamic Decision Making Experiment," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 35(3), pages 321-339, March.
    13. Rekik, Yacine & Sahin, Evren & Dallery, Yves, 2008. "Analysis of the impact of the RFID technology on reducing product misplacement errors at retail stores," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(1), pages 264-278, March.
    14. Gumrukcu, Seda & Rossetti, Manuel D. & Buyurgan, Nebil, 2008. "Quantifying the costs of cycle counting in a two-echelon supply chain with multiple items," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(2), pages 263-274, December.
    15. Y Barlas & B Gunduz, 2011. "Demand forecasting and sharing strategies to reduce fluctuations and the bullwhip effect in supply chains," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 62(3), pages 458-473, March.
    16. Agrawal, Sunil & Sengupta, Raghu Nandan & Shanker, Kripa, 2009. "Impact of information sharing and lead time on bullwhip effect and on-hand inventory," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 192(2), pages 576-593, January.
    17. Yacine Rekik, 2011. "Inventory inaccuracies in the wholesale supply chain," Post-Print hal-02312498, HAL.
    18. Van Ackere, Ann & Larsen, Erik Reimer & Morecroft, John D. W., 1993. "Systems thinking and business process redesign: An application to the beer game," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 11(4), pages 412-423, December.
    19. Sahin, Evren & Dallery, Yves, 2009. "Assessing the impact of inventory inaccuracies within a Newsvendor framework," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 197(3), pages 1108-1118, September.
    20. Ciancimino, Elena & Cannella, Salvatore & Bruccoleri, Manfredi & Framinan, Jose M., 2012. "On the Bullwhip Avoidance Phase: The Synchronised Supply Chain," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 221(1), pages 49-63.
    21. Editors, 2014. "International Journal of Systems Science," International Journal of Systems Science, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(12), pages 1-1, December.
    22. Miranda, Pablo A. & Garrido, Rodrigo A., 2009. "Inventory service-level optimization within distribution network design problem," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 122(1), pages 276-285, November.
    23. M M Ali & J E Boylan, 2011. "Feasibility principles for Downstream Demand Inference in supply chains," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 62(3), pages 474-482, March.
    24. S Cannella & A P Barbosa-Póvoa & J M Framinan & S Relvas, 2013. "Metrics for bullwhip effect analysis," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 64(1), pages 1-16, January.
    25. Gel, Esma S. & Erkip, Nesim & Thulaseedas, Anoop, 2010. "Analysis of simple inventory control systems with execution errors: Economic impact under correction opportunities," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(1), pages 153-166, May.
    26. Disney, Stephen M. & Lambrecht, Marc R., 2008. "On Replenishment Rules, Forecasting, and the Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains," Foundations and Trends(R) in Technology, Information and Operations Management, now publishers, vol. 2(1), pages 1-80, April.
    27. Rekik, Yacine, 2011. "Inventory inaccuracies in the wholesale supply chain," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(1), pages 172-181, September.
    28. Machuca, José A. D. & Barajas, Rafael P., 2004. "The impact of electronic data interchange on reducing bullwhip effect and supply chain inventory costs," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 40(3), pages 209-228, May.
    29. Dejonckheere, J. & Disney, S. M. & Lambrecht, M. R. & Towill, D. R., 2003. "Measuring and avoiding the bullwhip effect: A control theoretic approach," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 147(3), pages 567-590, June.
    30. Towill, Denis R. & Zhou, Li & Disney, Stephen M., 2007. "Reducing the bullwhip effect: Looking through the appropriate lens," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(1-2), pages 444-453, July.
    31. repec:hal:journl:hal-02312467 is not listed on IDEAS
    32. Nicole DeHoratius & Ananth Raman, 2008. "Inventory Record Inaccuracy: An Empirical Analysis," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 54(4), pages 627-641, April.
    33. Kök, A. Gürhan & Shang, Kevin H., 2014. "Evaluation of cycle-count policies for supply chains with inventory inaccuracy and implications on RFID investments," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 237(1), pages 91-105.
    34. Hämäläinen, Raimo P. & Luoma, Jukka & Saarinen, Esa, 2013. "On the importance of behavioral operational research: The case of understanding and communicating about dynamic systems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 228(3), pages 623-634.
    35. Disney, S. M. & Naim, M. M. & Potter, A., 2004. "Assessing the impact of e-business on supply chain dynamics," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(2), pages 109-118, May.
    36. Trapero, Juan R. & Kourentzes, N. & Fildes, R., 2012. "Impact of information exchange on supplier forecasting performance," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 40(6), pages 738-747.
    37. Hau L. Lee & V. Padmanabhan & Seungjin Whang, 1997. "Information Distortion in a Supply Chain: The Bullwhip Effect," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 43(4), pages 546-558, April.
    38. Holweg, Matthias & Bicheno, John, 2002. "Supply chain simulation - a tool for education, enhancement and endeavour," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(2), pages 163-175, July.
    39. Frank Chen & Zvi Drezner & Jennifer K. Ryan & David Simchi-Levi, 2000. "Quantifying the Bullwhip Effect in a Simple Supply Chain: The Impact of Forecasting, Lead Times, and Information," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 46(3), pages 436-443, March.
    40. Fleisch, Elgar & Tellkamp, Christian, 2005. "Inventory inaccuracy and supply chain performance: a simulation study of a retail supply chain," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(3), pages 373-385, March.
    41. A A Syntetos & N C Georgantzas & J E Boylan & B C Dangerfield, 2011. "Judgement and supply chain dynamics," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 62(6), pages 1138-1158, June.
    42. Wikner, J. & Towill, D. R. & Naim, M., 1991. "Smoothing supply chain dynamics," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 231-248, December.
    43. Ali, Mohammad M. & Boylan, John E. & Syntetos, Aris A., 2012. "Forecast errors and inventory performance under forecast information sharing," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 830-841.
    44. Dejonckheere, J. & Disney, S. M. & Lambrecht, M. R. & Towill, D. R., 2004. "The impact of information enrichment on the Bullwhip effect in supply chains: A control engineering perspective," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 153(3), pages 727-750, March.
    45. Sarac, Aysegul & Absi, Nabil & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, 2010. "A literature review on the impact of RFID technologies on supply chain management," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(1), pages 77-95, November.
    46. Wang, Xun & Disney, Stephen M. & Wang, Jing, 2012. "Stability analysis of constrained inventory systems with transportation delay," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 223(1), pages 86-95.
    47. Rekik, Yacine & Sahin, Evren & Dallery, Yves, 2009. "Inventory inaccuracy in retail stores due to theft: An analysis of the benefits of RFID," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(1), pages 189-198, March.
    48. Elimam, A.A. & Dodin, B., 2013. "Project scheduling in optimizing integrated supply chain operations," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 224(3), pages 530-541.
    49. Sterman, John D., 1989. "Misperceptions of feedback in dynamic decision making," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 43(3), pages 301-335, June.
    50. Nicole DeHoratius & Adam J. Mersereau & Linus Schrage, 2008. "Retail Inventory Management When Records Are Inaccurate," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 10(2), pages 257-277, November.
    51. Rachel Croson & Karen Donohue, 2006. "Behavioral Causes of the Bullwhip Effect and the Observed Value of Inventory Information," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 52(3), pages 323-336, March.
    52. Holweg, Matthias & Disney, Stephen & Holmström, Jan & Småros, Johanna, 2005. "Supply Chain Collaboration:: Making Sense of the Strategy Continuum," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 170-181, April.
    53. De Marco, Alberto & Cagliano, Anna C. & Nervo, Mauro L. & Rafele, Carlo, 2012. "Using System Dynamics to assess the impact of RFID technology on retail operations," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(1), pages 333-344.
    54. Uçkun, Canan & Karaesmen, Fikri & Savas, Selçuk, 2008. "Investment in improved inventory accuracy in a decentralized supply chain," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(2), pages 546-566, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Enrique Holgado de Frutos & Juan R Trapero & Francisco Ramos, 2020. "A literature review on operational decisions applied to collaborative supply chains," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(3), pages 1-28, March.
    2. Spiegler, Virginia L.M. & Naim, Mohamed M. & Towill, Denis R. & Wikner, Joakim, 2016. "A technique to develop simplified and linearised models of complex dynamic supply chain systems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 251(3), pages 888-903.
    3. Benhong Peng & Yu Tu & Guo Wei, 2018. "Can Environmental Regulations Promote Corporate Environmental Responsibility? Evidence from the Moderated Mediating Effect Model and an Empirical Study in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-16, February.
    4. Reyes, Pedro M. & Li, Suhong & Visich, John K., 2016. "Determinants of RFID adoption stage and perceived benefits," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 254(3), pages 801-812.
    5. Dai, Hongyan & Li, Jianbin & Yan, Nina & Zhou, Weihua, 2016. "Bullwhip effect and supply chain costs with low- and high-quality information on inventory shrinkage," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 250(2), pages 457-469.
    6. Hill, Craig A. & Zhang, G. Peter & Miller, Keith E., 2018. "Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment & firm performance: An empirical evaluation," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 12-23.
    7. Biswal, Arun Kumar & Jenamani, Mamata & Kumar, Sri Krishna, 2020. "The impact of RFID adoption on donor subsidy through for-profit and not-for-profit newsvendor: Implications for Indian Public Distribution system," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    8. Nguyen, Duy Tan & Adulyasak, Yossiri & Landry, Sylvain, 2021. "Research manuscript: The Bullwhip Effect in rule-based supply chain planning systems–A case-based simulation at a hard goods retailer," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    9. Qi Liu & Gengzhong Feng & Giri Kumar Tayi & Jun Tian, 2021. "Managing Data Quality of the Data Warehouse: A Chance-Constrained Programming Approach," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 375-389, April.
    10. Mendes, Paulo & Leal, José Eugênio & Thomé, Antônio Márcio Tavares, 2016. "A maturity model for demand-driven supply chains in the consumer product goods industry," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 153-165.
    11. Shabani, Amir & Maroti, Gabor & de Leeuw, Sander & Dullaert, Wout, 2021. "Inventory record inaccuracy and store-level performance," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    12. Ali, Mohammad M. & Babai, Mohamed Zied & Boylan, John E. & Syntetos, A.A., 2017. "Supply chain forecasting when information is not shared," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 260(3), pages 984-994.
    13. Tao, Feng & Wang, Liang & Fan, Tijun & Yu, Hao, 2022. "RFID adoption strategy in a retailer-dominant supply chain with competing suppliers," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 302(1), pages 117-129.
    14. Hosang Jung & Sukjae Jeong, 2018. "The Economic Effect of Virtual Warehouse-Based Inventory Information Sharing for Sustainable Supplier Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-19, May.
    15. Dominguez, Roberto & Cannella, Salvatore & Barbosa-Póvoa, Ana P. & Framinan, Jose M., 2018. "OVAP: A strategy to implement partial information sharing among supply chain retailers," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 122-136.
    16. Biswal, Arun Kumar & Jenamani, Mamata & Kumar, Sri Krishna, 2018. "Warehouse efficiency improvement using RFID in a humanitarian supply chain: Implications for Indian food security system," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 205-224.
    17. Cannella, Salvatore & Dominguez, Roberto & Framinan, Jose M., 2017. "Inventory record inaccuracy – The impact of structural complexity and lead time variability," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 123-138.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Cannella, Salvatore & Dominguez, Roberto & Framinan, Jose M., 2017. "Inventory record inaccuracy – The impact of structural complexity and lead time variability," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 123-138.
    2. Ciancimino, Elena & Cannella, Salvatore & Bruccoleri, Manfredi & Framinan, Jose M., 2012. "On the Bullwhip Avoidance Phase: The Synchronised Supply Chain," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 221(1), pages 49-63.
    3. Dominguez, Roberto & Cannella, Salvatore & Framinan, Jose M., 2015. "On returns and network configuration in supply chain dynamics," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 152-167.
    4. Enrique Holgado de Frutos & Juan R Trapero & Francisco Ramos, 2020. "A literature review on operational decisions applied to collaborative supply chains," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(3), pages 1-28, March.
    5. Sarac, Aysegul & Absi, Nabil & Dauzère-Pérès, Stéphane, 2010. "A literature review on the impact of RFID technologies on supply chain management," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(1), pages 77-95, November.
    6. Ciancimino, Elena & Cannella, Salvatore & Canca Ortiz, José David & Framiñán Torres, José Manuel, 2009. "Análisis multinivel de cadenas de suministros: dos técnicas de resolución del efecto bullwhip // Supply Chain Multi-level Analysis: Two Bullwhip Dampening Approaches," Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Economía y la Empresa = Journal of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business Administration, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Department of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business Administration, vol. 8(1), pages 7-28, December.
    7. Roberto Dominguez & Salvatore Cannella & Borja Ponte & Jose M. Framinan, 2022. "Information sharing in decentralised supply chains with partial collaboration," Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal, Springer, vol. 34(2), pages 263-292, June.
    8. Wang, Xun & Disney, Stephen M., 2016. "The bullwhip effect: Progress, trends and directions," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 250(3), pages 691-701.
    9. Babai, M.Z. & Boylan, J.E. & Syntetos, A.A. & Ali, M.M., 2016. "Reduction of the value of information sharing as demand becomes strongly auto-correlated," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 181(PA), pages 130-135.
    10. Dai, Hongyan & Li, Jianbin & Yan, Nina & Zhou, Weihua, 2016. "Bullwhip effect and supply chain costs with low- and high-quality information on inventory shrinkage," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 250(2), pages 457-469.
    11. K. Devika & A. Jafarian & A. Hassanzadeh & R. Khodaverdi, 2016. "Optimizing of bullwhip effect and net stock amplification in three-echelon supply chains using evolutionary multi-objective metaheuristics," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 242(2), pages 457-487, July.
    12. Wang, Fuqiang & Fang, Xiaoping & Chen, Xiaohong & Li, Xihua, 2016. "Impact of inventory inaccuracies on products with inventory-dependent demand," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 118-130.
    13. Ponte, Borja & Costas, José & Puche, Julio & Pino, Raúl & de la Fuente, David, 2018. "The value of lead time reduction and stabilization: A comparison between traditional and collaborative supply chains," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 165-185.
    14. Cannella, Salvatore & Dominguez, Roberto & Ponte, Borja & Framinan, Jose M., 2018. "Capacity restrictions and supply chain performance: Modelling and analysing load-dependent lead times," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 264-277.
    15. Sodhi, ManMohan S. & Tang, Christopher S., 2011. "The incremental bullwhip effect of operational deviations in an arborescent supply chain with requirements planning," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 215(2), pages 374-382, December.
    16. Ahmed Musa & Al-Amin Abba Dabo, 2016. "A Review of RFID in Supply Chain Management: 2000–2015," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 17(2), pages 189-228, June.
    17. Xu, Jinpeng & Jiang, Wei & Feng, Gengzhong & Tian, Jun, 2012. "Comparing improvement strategies for inventory inaccuracy in a two-echelon supply chain," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 221(1), pages 213-221.
    18. de Lima, Daruichi Pereira & Fioriolli, José Carlos & Padula, Antonio Domingos & Pumi, Guilherme, 2018. "The impact of Chinese imports of soybean on port infrastructure in Brazil: A study based on the concept of the “Bullwhip Effect”," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 9(C), pages 55-76.
    19. Chatfield, Dean C. & Pritchard, Alan M., 2013. "Returns and the bullwhip effect," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 159-175.
    20. Feng Tao & Tijun Fan & Kin Keung Lai & Lin Li, 2017. "Impact of RFID technology on inventory control policy," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 68(2), pages 207-220, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:ejores:v:243:y:2015:i:1:p:120-129. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eor .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.