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Financing Low-Carbon Transitions through Carbon Pricing and Green Bonds

Author

Listed:
  • Dirk Heine
  • Willi Semmler
  • Mariana Mazzucato
  • João Paulo Braga
  • Michael Flaherty
  • Arkady Gevorkyan
  • Erin Hayde
  • Siavash Radpour

Abstract

To finance the transition to low-carbon economies required to mitigate climate change, countries are increasingly using a combination of carbon pricing and green bonds. This paper studies the reasoning behind such policy mixes and the economic interaction effects that result from these different policy instruments. We model these interactions using an intertemporal model, related to Sachs (2015), which proposes a burden sharing between current and future generations. The issuance of green bonds helps to enable immediate investment in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and the bonds would be repaid by future generations in such a way that those who benefit from reduced future environmental damage share in the burden of financing mitigation efforts undertaken today. We examine the effects of combining green bonds and carbon pricing in a three-phase model. We are using a numerical solution procedure which allows for finite-horizon solutions and phase changes. We show that green bonds perform better when they are combined with carbon pricing. Our proposed policy option appears to be politically more feasible than a green transition based only on carbon pricing and is more prudent for debt sustainability than a green transition that relies overly on green bonds. Zur Finanzierung des Klimaschutzes verwenden Länder zunehmend eine Kombination von CO2-Bepreisung und grünen Anleihen. Dieser Artikel analysiert die Gründe für einen solchen Politikmix sowie die Interaktionseffekte dieser Instrumente. Wir modellieren die Interaktionseffekte in einem intertemporalen Modell, das sich auf Sachs (2015) bezieht und eine Lastenverteilung zwischen gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Generationen vorsieht. Die Ausgabe von grünen Anleihen trägt dazu bei, sofortige Investitionen in den Klimaschutz und die Anpassung an den Klimawandel zu ermöglichen, und die Anleihen würden von zukünftigen Generationen so zurückgezahlt, dass diejenigen, die von geringeren zukünftigen Umweltschäden profitieren, an der Last der Finanzierung der heute unternommenen Klimaschutzmaßnahmen beteiligt sind. Wir untersuchen die Auswirkungen der Kombination von grünen Anleihen und CO2-Steuern in einem Drei-Phasen-Modell. Wir verwenden ein numerisches Lösungsverfahren, das endliche Lösungen und Phasenwechsel ermöglicht. Wir zeigen, dass grüne Anleihen besser abschneiden, wenn sie mit der CO2-Besteuerung kombiniert werden. Unsere vorgeschlagene politische Option scheint politisch machbarer zu sein als ein grüner Übergang, der ausschließlich auf CO2-Steuern basiert und für die Nachhaltigkeit der Verschuldung vorsichtiger ist als eine Klimapolitik, der zu sehr auf grüne Anleihen setzt.

Suggested Citation

  • Dirk Heine & Willi Semmler & Mariana Mazzucato & João Paulo Braga & Michael Flaherty & Arkady Gevorkyan & Erin Hayde & Siavash Radpour, 2019. "Financing Low-Carbon Transitions through Carbon Pricing and Green Bonds," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 88(2), pages 29-49.
  • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwvjh:88-2-3
    DOI: 10.3790/vjh.88.2.29
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    5. Maria Jua Bachelet & Leonardo Becchetti & Stefano Manfredonia, 2019. "The Green Bonds Premium Puzzle: The Role of Issuer Characteristics and Third-Party Verification," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-22, February.
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    2. Billah, Mabruk & Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Hadhri, Sinda, 2023. "Asymmetric relationship between green bonds and Sukuk markets: The role of global risk factors," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    3. Pang, Lidong & Zhu, Meng Nan & Yu, Haiyan, 2022. "Is green finance really a blessing for green technology and carbon efficiency?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    4. Reboredo, Juan C. & Ugolini, Andrea & Ojea-Ferreiro, Javier, 2022. "Do green bonds de-risk investment in low-carbon stocks?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    5. Zhang, Dongyang & Kong, Qunxi, 2022. "Renewable energy policy, green investment, and sustainability of energy firms," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 118-133.
    6. Signe Krogstrup & William Oman, 2019. "Macroeconomic and Financial Policies for Climate Change Mitigation: A Review of the Literature," IMF Working Papers 2019/185, International Monetary Fund.
    7. Siyu Ren & Yu Hao & Haitao Wu, 2022. "How Does Green Investment Affect Environmental Pollution? Evidence from China," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 81(1), pages 25-51, January.
    8. Thouraya Bahri & Aditya Singh, 2021. "COVID-19 and the Impact on Debt: Policy Implications," Working Papers 2107, New School for Social Research, Department of Economics.
    9. Rannou, Yves & Boutabba, Mohamed Amine & Barneto, Pascal, 2021. "Are Green Bond and Carbon Markets in Europe complements or substitutes? Insights from the activity of power firms," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    10. Arif, Muhammad & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Farid, Saqib & Nepal, Rabindra & Jamasb, Tooraj, 2022. "Diversifier or more? Hedge and safe haven properties of green bonds during COVID-19," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    11. Umar, Zaghum & Abrar, Afsheen & Hadhri, Sinda & Sokolova, Tatiana, 2023. "The connectedness of oil shocks, green bonds, sukuks and conventional bonds," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    12. Murau, Steffen & Haas, Armin & Guter-Sandu, Andrei, 2022. "Monetary Architecture and the Green Transition," SocArXiv sw5tu, Center for Open Science.
    13. Baldi, Francesco & Pandimiglio, Alessandro, 2022. "The role of ESG scoring and greenwashing risk in explaining the yields of green bonds: A conceptual framework and an econometric analysis," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    14. Braga, Joao Paulo & Semmler, Willi & Grass, Dieter, 2021. "De-risking of green investments through a green bond market – Empirics and a dynamic model," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    15. Feyen,Erik H.B. & Utz,Robert Johann & Zuccardi Huertas,Igor Esteban & Bogdan,Olena & Moon,Jisung, 2020. "Macro-Financial Aspects of Climate Change," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9109, The World Bank.
    16. Li, Qingtao & Sharif, Arshian & Razzaq, Asif & Yu, Yangyu, 2022. "Do climate technology, financialization, and sustainable finance impede environmental challenges? Evidence from G10 economies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    17. Skare, Marinko & Gavurova, Beata & Sinkovic, Dean, 2023. "Regional aspects of financial development and renewable energy: A cross-sectional study in 214 countries," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1142-1157.
    18. Ian W.H. Parry & Mr. Dirk Heine & Kelley Kizzier & Tristan Smith, 2018. "Carbon Taxation for International Maritime Fuels: Assessing the Options," IMF Working Papers 2018/203, International Monetary Fund.
    19. Peter Lau & Angela Sze & Wilson Wan & Alfred Wong, 2022. "The Economics of the Greenium: How Much is the World Willing to Pay to Save the Earth?," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 81(2), pages 379-408, February.
    20. Claudia Kemfert & Dorothea Schäfer & Willi Semmler, 2020. "Great Green Transition and Finance," Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, Springer;ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics;Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), vol. 55(3), pages 181-186, May.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Carbon pricing; green bonds; intergenerational burden sharing; nonlinear model predictive control;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E2 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
    • H6 - Public Economics - - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
    • O2 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Development Planning and Policy
    • Q5 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics

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