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Local attributes and migration balance – evidence for different age and skill groups from a machine learning approach

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  • Moritz Meister
  • Annekatrin Niebuhr
  • Jan Cornelius Peters
  • Johannes Stiller

Abstract

Many European regions are currently experiencing a significant population decline and, related to this, are increasingly confronted with labour shortage. Migration is a main driver of changes in regional labour supply and the local level of human capital. A region's ability to attract residents thus becomes more and more important for its growth prospects. We use a large panel dataset for the period 2003 to 2017 to investigate the relationship between local attributes and the migration balance of regions in Germany. In particular, we examine whether the factors that determine the migration balance of regions significantly differ across age and skill groups because their contribution to regional human capital likely varies. Our econometric specification can be understood as an aggregate formulation of a two‐region random utility model. The dataset includes 30 factors that might potentially influence a region's migration balance. Given this large number of explanatory variables and significant multicollinearity issues, we apply machine learning techniques [least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), complete subset regression] to identify important local characteristics. Our results point to a robust negative relationship between the net migration rate and population density, yet locations in close proximity to large urban centres seem to be rather attractive destination regions, and the size of the effects differs significantly across age and skill groups. Moreover, labour market conditions and some amenities are significantly correlated with the region's migration balance. However, the former and, in particular, facilities for vocational training matter primarily for young workers. Muchas regiones europeas experimentan actualmente un importante descenso de la población y, en relación con ello, se enfrentan cada vez más a la escasez de mano de obra. La migración es uno de los principales factores que impulsan los cambios en la oferta regional de mano de obra y en el nivel local de capital humano. Así pues, la capacidad de una región para atraer residentes es cada vez más importante para sus perspectivas de crecimiento. Con el fin de investigar la relación entre los atributos locales y el saldo migratorio de las regiones de Alemania se utilizó un extenso conjunto de datos de panel para el período 2003 a 2017. En concreto, se examinó si los factores que determinan el saldo migratorio de las regiones difieren significativamente según los grupos de edad y cualificación, ya que es probable que varíe su contribución al capital humano regional. La especificación econométrica desarrollada puede entenderse como una formulación agregada de un modelo de utilidad aleatoria de dos regiones. El conjunto de datos incluye 30 factores que podrían influir en el saldo migratorio de una región. Dado este gran número de variables explicativas y los significativos problemas de multicolinealidad, se aplicaron técnicas de aprendizaje automático [operador de reducción y selección mínima absoluta (LASSO, por sus siglas en inglés), regresión completa de subconjuntos] para identificar las características locales importantes. Los resultados apuntan a una sólida relación negativa entre la tasa neta de migración y la densidad de población, aunque las localidades próximas a los grandes centros urbanos parecen ser regiones de destino bastante atractivas, y la magnitud de los efectos difiere significativamente según los grupos de edad y cualificación. Además, las condiciones del mercado laboral y algunos servicios están correlacionadas significativamente con el saldo migratorio de la región. Sin embargo, las primeras y, en particular, las facilidades para la formación profesional, tienen importancia sobre todo para los trabajadores jóvenes. 現在ヨーロッパの多くの地域では人口が大幅に減少しているが、これに関連して労働力不足の問題に直面する地域が増えている。移住は、地域の労働力の供給及び人的資本の地域レベルの変化を促す主な要因となっている。以上から、地域の住民誘致力の可能性は、地域の成長見通しにおいてますます重要になっている。2003~2017年までの大規模パネルデータセットを使用して、ドイツの各地域における地域属性と移住のバランスの関連性を検討した。年齢やスキルグループの人的資本への貢献度が各地域で異なる可能性が高いため、特に、地域の移住バランスを決定する要因が年齢やスキルグループによって大きく異なるかどうかを検討する。我々の計量経済学的モデルの仕様は、2領域のランダム効用モデルの集約的定式化であると解釈できる。データセットには、地域の移住バランスに影響を与える可能性のある30の要因が含まれている。この多数の説明変数と重大な多重共線性の問題を考慮して、重要な局所特性を特定するために機械学習の手法[最小絶対収縮および選択演算子(LASSO)、完全な部分集合回帰]を適用する。結果から、純移住率と人口密度には頑健な負の関連性があることが示されるが、大きな都市中心部に近い場所は、かなり魅力的な移住先地域とみられ、その影響の規模は年齢層及びスキルグループによって大きく異なる。さらに、労働市場の条件とアメニティの一部は、地域の移住バランスと有意な相関関係にある。しかし、労働市場の条件及び、特に職業訓練の施設は、主に若年労働者にとって重要である。

Suggested Citation

  • Moritz Meister & Annekatrin Niebuhr & Jan Cornelius Peters & Johannes Stiller, 2023. "Local attributes and migration balance – evidence for different age and skill groups from a machine learning approach," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(4), pages 794-825, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:15:y:2023:i:4:p:794-825
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12652
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