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Do changes in air transportation affect productivity? A cross‐country panel approach

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  • Laila AitBihiOuali
  • Jose M. Carbo
  • Daniel J. Graham

Abstract

This paper quantifies the economic impact of air transportation worldwide using two panel data methods to assess the effect of air cargo and air passenger volumes on GDP per employee (aggregate labour productivity). Fixed effects methods and instrumental variables allow us to tackle endogeneity concerns and simultaneity biases. We first use a generalized method of moments specification (GMM) on a World Bank panel dataset containing information for all countries worldwide, separated into 264 areas over the period 1990‐2017. Results show that a 10% increase in air passengers is associated with a 0.6% increase in GDP per employee. Complementary instrumental variables estimates indicate a slight negative bias in this result, yielding an effect of 0.86%. Results are very similar for different parts of the world, with elasticity estimates ranging between 0.01 and 0.04, except in North Africa and Middle Eastern countries, where effects on labour productivity are found to be insignificant. Overall, air passenger traffic has a stronger and more positive effect on GDP per employee than air cargo. We conduct a complementary analysis at the European level using Eurostat data (NUTS2) and perform an analysis on over 300 European sub‐regions. Results indicate that air transport has a positive, stronger and more significant effect on GDP per employee than air cargo, with a 10% increase in air passengers being associated with a labour productivity increase of 3.2%. Este estudio cuantifica el impacto económico del transporte aéreo en todo el mundo utilizando dos métodos de datos de panel para evaluar el efecto de los volúmenes de carga y de pasajeros aéreos en el PIB por empleado (productividad laboral agregada). Los métodos de efectos fijos y de variables instrumentales permiten abordar las cuestiones de endogeneidad y los sesgos de simultaneidad. Primero se utilizó una especificación del Método de los Momentos Generalizado (MMG) con un conjunto de datos de panel del Banco Mundial que contiene información de todos los países del mundo, distribuidos en 264 áreas, durante el período 1990‐2017. Los resultados muestran que un aumento del 10% en los pasajeros aéreos se asocia con un aumento del 0,6% en el PIB por empleado. Las estimaciones de las variables instrumentales complementarias indican un ligero sesgo negativo en este resultado, lo que resulta en un efecto del 0,86%. Los resultados son muy similares en diferentes partes del mundo, con estimaciones de elasticidad entre 0,01 y 0,04, excepto en África del Norte y los países del Oriente Medio, donde los efectos en la productividad laboral no son significativos. En general, el tráfico de pasajeros aéreos tiene un efecto más fuerte y positivo sobre el PIB por empleado que el de la carga aérea. Se realizó un análisis complementario a nivel europeo utilizando datos de Eurostat (NUTS2) y se analizaron más de 300 subregiones europeas. Los resultados indican que el transporte aéreo tiene un efecto positivo, más fuerte y más significativo sobre el PIB por empleado que la carga aérea, donde un aumento del 10% en los pasajeros aéreos se asocia a un aumento de la productividad laboral del 3,2%. 本稿では、航空貨物量と航空旅客数が従業員1人当たりのGDP(全体の労働生産性)に及ぼす影響を評価する2つのパネルデータ手法を用いて、全世界の航空輸送の経済効果を定量化した。内生性の懸念と同時性バイアスに対処するため、固定効果法と操作変数法を使用した。まず、264の地域に分けた世界各国の1990~2017年の期間における情報を含む世界銀行のパネル・データセットに一般化モーメント法を用いた。結果から、航空旅客数の10%の増加は従業員一人当たりのGDPの0.6%の増加と関連していることが示された。補完的操作変数法による推定値は、0.86%の効果をもたらし、結果にわずかな負のバイアスがあることを示した。労働生産性への影響が軽微であることが判明した北アフリカおよび中東の国を除いて、弾力性推定値は0.01から0.04の間であり、結果は世界の様々な地域で非常に類似している。全体として、航空旅客輸送は、航空貨物輸送よりも従業員1人当たりのGDPに強い正の影響を与える。EU統計局のデータ(NUTS 2)を用いて、欧州レベルでの補完的分析を行い、 300以上の欧州の準地域に関する分析を行った。その結果から、航空輸送は貨物輸送よりも従業員1人当たりのGDPに、プラスかつ強力で有意な効果を与えており、航空旅客数の10%の増加は労働生産性の3.2%の増加に関連していることが示された。

Suggested Citation

  • Laila AitBihiOuali & Jose M. Carbo & Daniel J. Graham, 2020. "Do changes in air transportation affect productivity? A cross‐country panel approach," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(3), pages 493-505, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:12:y:2020:i:3:p:493-505
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12280
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    References listed on IDEAS

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