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Handels- und Währungskriege: Lehren aus der Geschichte
[Trade wars and currency wars: Lessons from history]

Author

Listed:
  • Mitchener, Kris
  • Wandschneider, Kirsten

Abstract

Bei der Erläuterung von Präsident Trumps "Befreiungstag"-Zöllen vom 2. April 2025 schlug Stephen Miran, Präsident Trumps Vorsitzender des Rates der Wirtschaftsberater, vor, dass Länder die US-Zölle ohne Vergeltungsmaßnahmen akzeptieren, um zu einer fairen "Lastenteilung" zu kommen (Miran: 2025). Die Geschichte zeigt jedoch, dass diese Annahme falsch ist: Anhand eines detaillierten Datensatzes bilateraler Handelsströme, der für die Zwischenkriegszeit erstellt wurde, zeigt unsere Analyse, dass die USA tatsächlich erheblichen und weit verbreiteten Vergeltungsmaßnahmen von Handelspartnern als Reaktion auf das US-Zollgesetz von 1930 (auch bekannt als Smoot-Hawley-Tariff) ausgesetzt waren. Die US-Exporte in Länder, die mit Gegenzöllen oder anderen Maßnahmen reagierten, sanken um bis zu 33%, wobei US-Handelspartner gezielt hochwertige, markengebundene Konsumgüter wie US-Autos ins Visier nahmen. Der Rückgang des Handels trug zur Großen Depression bei, die wiederum einen Währungskrieg auslöste: Zwischen 1929 und 1936 werteten 70 Länder ihre Währungen gegenüber Gold ab. Wir zeigen, dass der Handel infolge dieser Abwertungen zusätzlich um mehr als 21% zurückging. Der Währungskrieg zerstörte die handelsfördernden Vorteile des globalen Goldstandards, beendete internationale Koordination und erhöhte die Handelskosten. Die 1930er Jahre sind eine eindringliche Mahnung daran, was geschehen kann, wenn die internationale politische Koordination zusammenbricht und Länder bei Handels- und Wechselkurspolitiken im Alleingang handeln.

Suggested Citation

  • Mitchener, Kris & Wandschneider, Kirsten, 2025. "Handels- und Währungskriege: Lehren aus der Geschichte [Trade wars and currency wars: Lessons from history]," Kiel Policy Briefs 189, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:ifwkpb:317794
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. David S. Jacks & Dennis Novy, 2020. "Trade Blocs and Trade Wars during the Interwar Period," Asian Economic Policy Review, Japan Center for Economic Research, vol. 15(1), pages 119-136, January.
    2. Eichengreen, Barry & Flandreau, Marc, 2009. "The rise and fall of the dollar (or when did the dollar replace sterling as the leading reserve currency?)," European Review of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 13(3), pages 377-411, December.
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