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The Formation of Preferences in Two-level Games: An Analysis of India's Domestic and Foreign Energy Policy

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  • Betz, Joachim
  • Hanif, Melanie

Abstract

This paper examines the formation of India's energy-policy strategy as an act of doubleedged diplomacy. After developing an analytical framework based on the two-level game approach to international relations (IR), it focuses on the domestic context of policy preference formation. India's energy strategy is shaped by a shortage of energy and the scarcity of indigenous reserves; these problems have together resulted in a growing import dependence in order to sustain economic growth rates, outdated cross-subsidies, overregulation, and nontransparent bureaucratic structures which are adverse to private investment. The Indian government still dominates the energy sector, but large electoral constituencies within the country exert a considerable indirect influence. The paper analyzes how all these domestic necessities combine with India's general foreign policy goals and traditions to form an overall energy strategy. We finally discuss how this strategy plays out in a competitive international environment where global resources are shrinking (with most claims already distributed) and environmental concerns are on the rise.

Suggested Citation

  • Betz, Joachim & Hanif, Melanie, 2010. "The Formation of Preferences in Two-level Games: An Analysis of India's Domestic and Foreign Energy Policy," GIGA Working Papers 142, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:gigawp:142
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Moravcsik, Andrew, 1997. "Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 51(4), pages 513-553, October.
    2. Gourevitch, Peter, 1978. "The second image reversed: the international sources of domestic politics," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 32(4), pages 881-912, October.
    3. Putnam, Robert D., 1988. "Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 42(3), pages 427-460, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Kappel, Robert, 2010. "Verschiebung der globalen Machtverhältnisse durch den Aufstieg von Regionalen Führungsmächten: China, Indien, Brasilien und Südafrika [The Rise of Regional Powers and Shifting Global Relations:Comparing China, India, Brazil and South Africa]," GIGA Working Papers 146, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
    2. Betz, Joachim, 2012. "India's Turn in Climate Policy: Assessing the Interplay of Domestic and International Policy Change," GIGA Working Papers 190, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.

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