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Intellectual Property Protection in Plant Varieties. A New Worldwide Index (1961-2011)

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  • Mercedes Campi
  • Alessandro Nuvolari

Abstract

In this paper, we construct a new index that measures the strength of intellectual property (IP) protection for plant varieties for 69 countries over the period 1961-2011. We examine the statistical properties of the index and we compare it with other measures of IP protection. We conclude that the indicator provides a reasonable proxy for assessing the relative strength of IP protection in plants across countries. Finally, we study the main determinants of the evolution of the index over time and we nd that variables such as GDP per capita, types of political and institutional environment, levels of urbanization and schooling aect the level of IP protection for plant varieties. The TRIPS Agreement appears as an exogenous factor driving the process towards stronger levels of IP protection for all countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Mercedes Campi & Alessandro Nuvolari, 2013. "Intellectual Property Protection in Plant Varieties. A New Worldwide Index (1961-2011)," LEM Papers Series 2013/09, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    • Handle: RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2013/09
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    Cited by:

    1. Mercedes Campi & Marco Duenas & Matteo Barigozzi & Giorgio Fagiolo, 2016. "Do Intellectual Property Rights Influence Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions ?," LEM Papers Series 2016/28, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    2. Ting Meng & Richard Carew & Wojciech J. Florkowski, 2020. "Determinants of the grant lag and the surrender lag of horticultural crop plant breeders’ rights applications: Survival analysis with competing risks," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 68(4), pages 489-512, December.
    3. Chen, Wantao & Yu, Xiang & Yang, Wei, 2024. "Is worldwide patent protection converging? A cross-country index of patent protection strength 1990–2020," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    4. Campi, Mercedes & Dueñas, Marco & Fagiolo, Giorgio, 2020. "Specialization in food production, global food security and sustainability," Working papers 30, Red Investigadores de Economía.
    5. Gaetan de Rassenfosse, 2025. "The "strength" of patent systems," Papers 2505.07121, arXiv.org, revised May 2025.
    6. Campi, Mercedes & Dueñas, Marco, 2019. "Intellectual property rights, trade agreements, and international trade," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(3), pages 531-545.
    7. Ng, Choy Peng & Law, Teik Hua & Jakarni, Fauzan Mohd & Kulanthayan, S., 2018. "Relative improvements in road mobility as compared to improvements in road accessibility and urban growth: A panel data analysis," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 292-301.
    8. Pamela Smith & Xiangwen Kong, 2022. "Intellectual property rights and trade: The exceptional case of GMOs," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(3), pages 763-811, March.
    9. Mercedes Campi, 2017. "The effect of intellectual property rights on agricultural productivity," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 48(3), pages 327-339, May.
    10. Mercedes Campi & Alessandro Nuvolari, 2021. "Intellectual Property Rights and Agricultural Development: Evidence from a Worldwide Index of IPRs in Agriculture (1961-2018)," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(4), pages 650-668, April.
    11. Campi, Mercedes & Dueñas, Marco, 2016. "Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade of Agricultural Products," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 1-18.
    12. Papageorgiadis, Nikolaos & McDonald, Frank, 2019. "Defining and Measuring the Institutional Context of National Intellectual Property Systems in a post-TRIPS world," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 3-18.
    13. Charity Ruramai Nhemachena & Johann F. Kirsten & Binganidzo Muchara, 2019. "The Effects of Plant Breeders’ Rights on Wheat Productivity and Varietal Improvement in South African Agriculture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-16, June.
    14. Antonella Di Fonzo & Vanessa Nardone & Negin Fathinejad & Carlo Russo, 2019. "The Impact of Plant Variety Protection Regulations on the Governance of Agri-Food Value Chains," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-14, March.
    15. Minyu Zhou & Ian Sheldon & Jihyun Eum, 2018. "The role of intellectual property rights in seed technology transfer through trade: evidence from U.S. field crop seed exports," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 49(4), pages 423-434, July.
    16. Pamela J. Smith & Sebastian J. Anti, 2022. "How does TRIPs compliance affect the economic growth of developing countries? Application of the Synthetic Control method," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(12), pages 3873-3906, December.
    17. Jinqiu Li & Yuyou Zou & Mingqiu Li, 2022. "Synergetic evolution of the regional intellectual property management systems in China based on logistic model," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(8), pages 3736-3750, December.
    18. Xiangwen Kong, 2025. "GMO approvals under pressure: How climate shocks shape policy across nations," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 20(10), pages 1-20, October.
    19. Ha Thi-Thu Le & Trang Thi-Dai Luong & Trang Thi Thu Nguyen & Duy Van Nguyen, 2023. "Determinants of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Asian Developing Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 14(4), pages 4780-4806, December.
    20. Mercedes Campi & Marco Dueñas & Matteo Barigozzi & Giorgio Fagiolo, 2019. "Intellectual property rights, imitation, and development. The effect on cross-border mergers and acquisitions," The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(2), pages 230-256, February.
    21. Wu, Yue Rio & Huang, Sterling & Tsang, Albert & Wang, Kun Tracy, 2025. "Generalist managers and firm innovation worldwide: The role of innovation-specific institutions," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(2).
    22. Kong, Xiangwen & Sun, Yuxuan & Qiu, Huanguang, 2023. "Climatic disasters and Conflicts in GMO Approval," 2023 Annual Meeting, July 23-25, Washington D.C. 335544, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    23. David J. Spielman & Xingliang Ma, 2016. "Private Sector Incentives and the Diffusion of Agricultural Technology: Evidence from Developing Countries," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(5), pages 696-717, May.
    24. repec:ags:aaea22:335544 is not listed on IDEAS
    25. Bustamante, Juana & Oughton, Christine & Pesque-Cela, Vanesa & Tobin, Damian, 2023. "Resolving the patents paradox in the era of COVID-19 and climate change: Towards a patents taxonomy," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(9).

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • O10 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - General
    • O34 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
    • Q19 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Other

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