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A Characterisation of Environmental Labelling and Information Schemes

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  • Guillaume Gruère

    (OECD)

Abstract

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the international landscape of environmental labelling and information schemes (ELIS), defined as policies and initiatives that aim to provide information about one or more aspects of the environmental performance of a product or service to external users. First, a review of initiatives and actors is used to build an institutional map of the diversity of schemes. Second, the universe of ELIS is dissected, based on a list of identified characteristics affecting the modes of communication of such schemes and the nature of the standards on which they are based. Lastly, the growth in ELIS is analysed by these identified characteristics, using a dataset of 544 ELIS introduced between 1970 and 2012 covering 197 countries. Results from this analysis support the rapid in the number of ELIS, especially in the late 1990s and between 2007 and 2010. At the same time, these figures suggest that this growth might have slowed since 2010. The analysis also shows both the diversity and unequal growth of ELIS according to different characteristics. The growth in ELIS appears to be driven by the combination of an increase in the number of “traditional” ELIS, such as single-issue environmental seals, and the emergence of “more recent” types of ELIS, including quantitative reports. This combination highlights the tension between increased competition among similar ELIS, and the emergence of new schemes potentially less exposed to direct competition but facing larger entry challenges. The dataset also shows that the multiplicity of ELIS may not be present for all types of products and environmental areas in all countries. These findings provide a contextual basis to look at evidence on the potential implications of having a multiplicity of schemes, and analyse the current and possible need for policy responses to identified challenges. Le présent rapport offre une vue d’ensemble sur le paysage des dispositifs d’éco-étiquetage et d’information (DEEI), définis comme étant les politiques et initiatives visant à fournir des informations sur un ou plusieurs aspects des performances environnementales d’un produit ou service à l’intention d’utilisateurs externes. Dans une première partie, on établit une cartographie institutionnelle de la variété des dispositifs, par un examen structurel des initiatives et des acteurs mettant en évidence leurs rôles et leurs interactions. Deuxièmement, on analyse l’univers des DEEI, sur la base d’un ensemble de caractéristiques déterminées concernant les modes de communication de ces dispositifs et la nature des normes sur lesquelles ils reposent. Enfin, on décompose la croissance des DEEI suivant les caractéristiques indiquées, au moyen d’un ensemble de données mondial couvrant 544 DEEI introduits entre 1970 et 2012 et couvrant 197 pays. Les résultats de cette analyse confirment l’augmentation rapide notamment à la fin de la décennie 1990 et entre 2007 et 2010. En même temps, ces chiffres indiquent peut-être une moindre croissance depuis 2010. L’analyse montre aussi à la fois la diversité et la répartition inégale des DEEI en fonction des différentes caractéristiques. Elle souligne en particulier que la croissance du nombre des DEEI semble être due d’une part à celle des grandes catégories de DEEI classiques, telle que les marques environnementales à attribut unique, et d’autre part de l’apparition et l’accélération de l’introduction de nouveaux DEEI, comme les rapports quantitatifs environnementaux. Cette combinaison met en lumière la tension entre la compétition croissante parmi les DEEI similaires, et l'apparition de nouveaux dispositifs moins exposés à la compétition mais qui sont confrontés à des contraintes plus importantes d'entrée sur le marché. Il ressort enfin de l’ensemble de données qu’il n’y a pas toujours une multiplicité de DEEI pour tous les types de produits et de domaines dans tous les pays. Ces résultats proposent un survol contextuel pour examiner les effets de la multiplication des dispositifs sur leur efficacité environnementale et leur impact sur les échanges commerciaux, et analyser de manière plus détaillée les réponses politiques observées et envisagées aux problèmes identifiés.

Suggested Citation

  • Guillaume Gruère, 2013. "A Characterisation of Environmental Labelling and Information Schemes," OECD Environment Working Papers 62, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:envaaa:62-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3z11hpdgq2-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Felice Diekel & Natalia Mikosch & Vanessa Bach & Matthias Finkbeiner, 2021. "Life Cycle Based Comparison of Textile Ecolabels," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, February.
    2. Dorothée Brécard, 2017. "Consumer misperception of eco-labels, green market structure and welfare," Journal of Regulatory Economics, Springer, vol. 51(3), pages 340-364, June.
    3. Vera Danilina, 2017. "Polarisation of Eco-Labelling Strategies," Working Papers 2017.26, FAERE - French Association of Environmental and Resource Economists.
    4. Carla Rossi & Francesca Rivetti, 2020. "Assessing Young Consumers’ Responses to Sustainable Labels: Insights from a Factorial Experiment in Italy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-23, December.
    5. Jay Whitehead, 2017. "Prioritizing Sustainability Indicators: Using Materiality Analysis to Guide Sustainability Assessment and Strategy," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(3), pages 399-412, March.
    6. Vera Danilina, 2017. "Trade Integration and the Polarisation of Eco-Labelling Strategies," AMSE Working Papers 1725, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France.
    7. Pascual Berrone & Andrea Fosfuri & Liliana Gelabert, 2017. "Does Greenwashing Pay Off? Understanding the Relationship Between Environmental Actions and Environmental Legitimacy," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 144(2), pages 363-379, August.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    eco-label; eco-label; empreintes environnementales des produits; environmental reporting; information policy approaches; institutional interactions; interactions institutionnelles; politique d’approches informationnelles; product environmental footprints; rapports environnementaux;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • L15 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance - - - Information and Product Quality
    • Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
    • Q58 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environmental Economics: Government Policy

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