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Financing Higher Education in the United States

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  • Peter Tulip

    (OECD)

Abstract

America’s higher education system is among the best in the world. Nevertheless, there is scope for improvement. In particular, there appear to be substantial financial barriers to higher education despite large government expenditures aimed at promoting access. Policy makers have proposed addressing these barriers by increasing student grants. However, grants are costly, inefficient, inequitable and ineffective. Income tax concessions and state government subsidies suffer from similar problems. In contrast, international best practice seems to be converging on student loans with repayments that vary according to income. Income-contingent loans facilitate access to college at low fiscal cost and without the inefficiency and inequities that accompany grants, subsidies or tax concessions. At the same time, they do not discourage risk-averse or uninformed students in the way that conventional loans do. The United States has an income-contingent loan programme that should be expanded. While the design of repayments could be improved, the main problem with this programme is that lending limits are too low. Higher limits, especially for unsubsidised direct loans, would benefit students and promote access at little cost to the government. Were a good system of loans in place, then less cost-effective means of promoting access, such as grants and tax concessions, should be cut back. Financement de l'enseignement supérieur aux États-Unis L’enseignement supérieur américain compte parmi les meilleurs du monde. Cependant il y a des améliorations à apporter dans plusieurs domaines. En particulier il existe d’importantes barrières financières à l’entrée dans l’enseignement supérieur malgré d’importantes dépenses publiques destinées à en promouvoir l’accès. Les responsables politiques ont proposé d’alléger ces barrières en augmentant les bourses d’étudiants. Cependant les bourses ont un coût budgétaire élevé et sont d’une efficacité et d’une équité douteuses comme le montre l’étude. Les réductions d’impôt sur le revenu et les subventions de l’État souffrent des mêmes problèmes. Par contre, ce qui semble le mieux fonctionner au niveau international est le prêt aux étudiants avec des remboursements adaptés aux revenus. Des prêts conditionnés aux revenus faciliteraient l’accès à l’enseignement supérieur pour un faible coût fiscal, et sans l’inefficacité et l’iniquité qui accompagnent les dotations, subventions et réductions d’impôt. En même temps ils ne décourageraient pas les étudiants mal informés ou réticents à prendre des risques, comme le font les prêts conventionnels. Les États-Unis ont un programme de prêts aux étudiants remboursables selon le revenu, il devrait être développé. Tandis que l’aménagement des remboursements devrait être perfectionné, le principal problème de ce programme reste que le plafond des prêts est trop bas. Un plafond plus élevé, surtout pour les prêts directs non subventionnés, profiterait aux étudiants et encouragerait l’accès aux études supérieurs avec un moindre coût pour les pouvoirs publics. Une fois un bon système de prêts en place, les moyens à moindre coût effectif pour promouvoir l’accès, tels les subventions ou remises d’impôt, pourraient être réduits.

Suggested Citation

  • Peter Tulip, 2007. "Financing Higher Education in the United States," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 584, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:584-en
    DOI: 10.1787/043760330834
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    Cited by:

    1. Aurora Ortiz-Nuñez, 2014. "Attitudes Toward Risk And Socioeconomic Factors Related To Educational Loans," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 32(4), pages 710-718, October.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    bourse pell; education; income-contingent loans; pell grants; prêts remboursables selon le revenu; United States; éducation; États-Unis;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H52 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Government Expenditures and Education
    • I22 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Educational Finance; Financial Aid

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