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Estonia: Making the most of human capital

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  • Andrés Fuentes Hutfilter

    (OECD)

Abstract

Labour input in Estonia remains lower than before the crisis. Skill mismatches between workers and jobs contribute to structural unemployment and emigration, notably among young, employed workers, has reduced labour supply. Although the government has lowered labour taxes and further reductions are planned, government revenues still rely heavily on taxing employment. Shifting some of the tax burden on labour to real estate would make the tax system more employment friendly. High costs reduce the returns workers earn on the assets in the compulsory private pension system, effectively raising the tax burden on labour. There is scope to reduce costs. In the public pension system, phasing out early retirement schemes for workers in specific sectors or professions would make room for lower social security contributions. They pay gap between men and women is substantial and further steps could be envisaged to reduce it. Reforms to improve the skills of Estonian workers have a high pay-off in view of increased demand for skilled workers. The recent initiatives of the government to foster life-long learning and improve financial support for students from low-income families in tertiary education are welcome. There is scope to promote apprenticeships, for example by fostering cooperation between local firms and local schools. This would help reduce skill mismatch. More financial support is needed for students, especially to ensure youth have access to upper secondary vocational education. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-estonia.htm Estonie : utiliser au mieux le capital humain L’utilisation de la main-d’oeuvre reste plus faible qu’avant la crise. Les inadéquations entre les compétences offertes et les compétences demandées contribuent au chômage structurel et l’émigration, notamment parmi les jeunes travailleurs salariés, réduit l’offre de main-d’oeuvre. Bien que le gouvernement ait diminué les impôts sur le travail et que de nouvelles réductions soient prévues, les recettes publiques dépendent encore fortement de cette forme de fiscalité. Le régime fiscal pourrait devenir plus favorable à l’emploi si une partie de la charge fiscale pesant sur le travail était reportée sur le secteur immobilier. Les coûts élevés de gestion des fonds de pension nuisent au rendement du système de retraite privé obligatoire, ce qui a pour effet d’accroître la charge fiscale pesant sur la main-d’oeuvre. Ces coûts pourraient être réduits. Dans le régime public de retraite, la suppression progressive des dispositifs de préretraite dont bénéficient certains secteurs ou professions libèrerait une marge de manoeuvre pour abaisser les cotisations de sécurité sociale. L’écart de rémunération entre hommes et femmes est important et d’autres mesures pourraient être envisagées pour le combler. Les réformes destinées à améliorer les qualifications des travailleurs estoniens ont de fortes retombées positives face à une demande de travailleurs qualifiés en augmentation. Les initiatives engagées récemment par les autorités pour encourager l’apprentissage tout au long de la vie et accroître le soutien financier apporté aux étudiants du supérieur issus de familles à faible revenu sont bienvenues. L’apprentissage pourrait être encore amélioré, par exemple en encourageant la coopération entre les entreprises locales et les établissements scolaires locaux, ce qui contribuerait à réduire les inadéquations de compétences. Un soutien financier plus important devrait être fourni aux étudiants, surtout pour assurer l’accès des jeunes au deuxième cycle de l’enseignement secondaire professionnel. Ce document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE 2013 sur l’Estonie. www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-estonie.htm

Suggested Citation

  • Andrés Fuentes Hutfilter, 2015. "Estonia: Making the most of human capital," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1214, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1214-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qvqqmm48-en
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    access to education; accès à la formation; charges sociales; Estonia; Estonie; formation professionnelle; gender pay gap; labour supply; offre de main d’oeuvre; part-time work; pensions privées; pensions publiques; private pensions; public pensions; social security contributions; travail à temps partiel; vocational education; écart de rémunération entre les sexes;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • J26 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Retirement; Retirement Policies
    • J32 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Retirement Plans; Private Pensions

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